Japanese Music Essay

There argon 2 plays of euphony recognised to be the oldest forms of handed-d let japanese medicinal drug. They be shmy ( or ?), or Buddhistic chanting, and gagaku (?) or orchestral motor hotel medicament, both of which accompaniment to the Nara and Heian periods.citation needed Gagaku is a type of classical medicinal drug that has been per create at the Imperial court since the Heian periodcitation needed. Kagura-uta (), Azuma-asobi() and Yamato-uta () are indigenous repertories. Tgaku () and komagaku originated from the Chinese Tang dynasty via the Korean peninsulacitation needed. In addition, gagaku is divided into kangen () ( medical specialtyal instrumental melody) and bugaku () (dance accompany by gagaku). Originating as early as the thirteenth century are honkyoku ( original pieces). These are gibberle ( exclusively) shakuhachi () pieces contend by mendi senst Fuke camarilla priests of Zen buddhismcitation needed. These priests, c whollyed komus (emptiness monk ), played honkyoku for alms and enlightenment. The Fuke sect ceased to exist in the 19th century, except a verbal and written lineage of m whatever honkyoku continues to daylight, though this symphony is now frequently serious in a concert or performance setting.citation needed The samurai often listened to and performed in these melody activities, in their practices of enriching their give outs and understandingcitation needed. Traditional melodyedit bug editbetaBiwa hshi, Heike biwa, ms, and gozeedit fountain editbeta The biwa ( Chinese pipa), a form of short-necked lute, was played by a meeting of gypsy performers (biwa hshi) () who used it to accompany stories.citation needed The approximately nonable of these stories is The Tale of the Heike, a 12th-century history of the triumph of the Minamoto clan over the Tairacitation needed. Biwa hshi began organizing themselves into a guild- standardized association (td) for ocularly impaired men as early as the thirt eenth century. This guild eventually controlled a bouffant portion of the tuneful culture of lacquer.citation needed In addition, numerous smaller groups of itinerant blind euphonyians were formed e specificly in the Kyushu areacitation needed. These musicians, cognise as ms ( blind monk) toured their local areas and performed a configuration of spiritual and semi-religious texts to puke households and bring about good health and good luck. They as soundly as maintained a repertory of blue genres. The biwa that they played was considerably smaller than the Heike biwa () played by the biwa hshi.citation needed Lafcadio Hearn re tardilyd in his book Kwaidan Stories and Studies of Strange Things Mimi-nashi Hoichi (Hoichi the Earless), a lacquerese ghost story about a blind biwa hshi who performs The Tale of the Heike Blind women, cognize as goze (), also toured the land since the chivalrous era, singing songs and playing accompanying music on a wash up drum.citation need ed From the seventeenth century they often played the koto or the shamisen. Goze organizations sprung up throughout the land, and existed until recently in what is today Niigata prefecture.citation needed Taikoedit rootage editbetaTaiko performogThe taiko is a Nipp unmatchablese drum that comes in assorted sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres.citation needed It has become particularly habitual in recent age as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is based on a variety of family line and festival music of the past. Such taiko music is played by tumid drum ensembles called kumi-daiko. Its origins are uncertain, but dejection be stretched out as far back as the seventh centuries, when a clay figure of a drummer indicates its existence. China influences followed, but the instrument and its music remained uniquely japanese.5 Taiko drums during this period were used during battle to intimidate the oppositeness and to communicate comma nds. Taiko continue to be used in the religious music of Buddhism and Shint. In the past players were holy men, who played but at special occasions and in small groups, but in time secular men (rarely women) also played the taiko in semi-religious festivals much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(preno minute of arcal) as the bon dance. modern font-day ensemble taiko is give tongue to to gravel been invented by Daihachi Oguchi in 1951citation needed. A malarkey drummer, Oguchi incorporated his musical background into large ensembles, which he had also designed. His bustling dash made his group familiar throughout lacquer, and made the Hokuriku role a center for taiko music. Musicians to a overturn from this wave of popularity manifold Sukeroku Daiko and his gangmate Seido Kobayashi. 1969 saw a group called Za Ondekoza founded by Tagayasu Den Za Ondekoza gathered together young performers who innovated a reinvigorated grow revival version of taiko, which was used as a way of life in communal lifestyles. During the seventies, the Nipponese government allocated gold to preserve Nipponese culture, and many community taiko groups were formed. Later in the century, taiko groups fan out across the world, curiously to the United States. The picture show game Taiko Drum get the better of is based around taiko. One ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele of a modern Taiko fortune is Gocoo. Miny phratry musicedit source editbetaA Nipponese kinfolkswoman with hershamisen, 1904 of import article Minyjapanese folk songs (moy) tummy be grouped and classified in many ways but it is often convenient to think of four main categories work songs, religious songs ( much(prenominal) as sato kagura, a form of Shintoist music), songs used for gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and festivals (matsuri, curiously Obon), and childrens songs (warabe uta). In miny, vocalisers are typically accompanied by the three-stringed lute cognise as the shamisen, taiko d rums, and a bamboo flute called shakuhachi. Other instruments that could accompany are a transverse flute know as the shinobue, a bell know as kane, a pass along drum called the tsuzumi, and/or a 13-stringed zither know as the koto. In Okinawa, the main instrument is the sanshin. These are traditional Nipponese instruments, but modern instrumentation, such as electric guitars and synthesisers, is also used in this day and age, when enka singers cover traditional miny songs (Enka creation a Japanese music genre all its own).6 (For a detailed English-language study of all aspects of miny, see the 395-page book by David Hughes.)6 Terms often hear when speaking about miny are ondo, bushi, bon uta, and komori uta. An ondo generally describes any folk song with a distinctive swing that may be comprehend as 2/4 time rhythm (though performers normally do not group beats). The typical folk song heard at Obon festival dances ordain near wishly be an ondo. A fushi is a song with a disti nctive melody. Its really prepare, which is pronounced bushi incompounds, means melody or rhythm. The word is rarely used on its own, but is unremarkably prefixed by a term referring to occupation, location, personal name or the like. Bon uta, as the name describes, are songs for Obon, the lantern festival of the dead. Komori uta are childrens lullabies. The names of minyo songs often acknowledge descriptive term, usually at the end. For deterrent example capital of Japan Ondo, Kushimoto Bushi, Hokkai Bon Uta, and Itsuki no Komoriuta. galore(postnominal) of these songs hold tautologic stress on certain syllables as hearty as toss shouts (kakegoe). Kakegoe are generally shouts of cheer but inminy, they are often included as parts of choruses. There are many kakegoe, though they vary from region to region. In Okinawa Miny, for example, peerless will hear the common ha iya sasa In mainland Japan, however, one will be much than likely to hear a yoisho, sate, or a sore Other s are a donto koi, and dokoisho Recently a guild-based scheme known as the iemoto system has been applied to some forms of miny it is called. This system was originally substantial for transmitting classical genres such as nagauta, shakuhachi, or koto music, but since it proved profitable to teachers and was supported by students who wished to obtain certificates of improvement and artificers names continues to spread to genres such as miny, Tsugaru-jamisen and other forms of music that were traditionally transmitted more informally. now some miny are passed on in such pseudo-family organizations and long apprenticeships are common. See also Ainu music of north Japan.Okinawan folk musicedit source editbetaMain article Ryukyuan musicUmui, religious songs, shima uta, dance songs, and, especially kachsh, lively celebratory music, were all popular. Okinawan folk music varies from mainland Japanese folk music in several ways. First, Okinawan folk music is often accompanied by the s anshin whereas in mainland Japan, the shamisen accompanies instead. Other Okinawan instruments include the sanba (which plead a clicking sound similar to that of castanets), taiko and a sharp finger whistling called yubi-bue (?). Second, tonality. A pentatonic scale leaf, which coincides with the major pentatonic scale of western sandwich musical disciplines, is often heard in miny from the main islands of Japan, see miny scale. In thispentatonic scale the subdominant and direct tone (scale degrees 4 and 7 of the westward major scale) are omitted, resulting in a musical scale with no half(a)-steps amongst each note. (Do, Re, Mi, So, La in solfeggio, or scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) Okinawan miny, however, is characterized by scales that include the half-steps omitted in the aforementioned pentatonic scale, when analyze in the westerly discipline of music. In fact, the most common scale used in Okinawan miny includes scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Traditional instrument sedit source editbetaMain article Traditional Japanese musical instruments* Biwa ()* Fue ()* Hichiriki ()* Hocchiku ()* Hyshigi ()* Kane ()* Kakko ()* Koky ()* Koto ()* Niko ()* Okawa (AKA tsuzumi) ()* Ryteki ()* Sanshin ()* Shakuhachi (bamboo flute) ()* Shamisen ()* Shime-Daiko ()* Shinobue ()* Sh ()* Suikinkutsu (water zither) ()* Taiko (i.e. Wadaiko)* Tsuzumi () (AKA Kotsuzumi)-comer of westerlyern musicedit source editbetaTraditional pop musicedit source editbetaMain articles Rykka, Kaykyoku, and EnkaAfter the Meiji Restoration introduced Western musical instruction, a bureaucrat named Izawa Shuji compiled songs like Auld Lang Syne and commissioned songs using a pentatonicmelody.citation needed Western music, especially phalanx marches, soon became popular in Japan.citation needed Two major forms of music that developed during this period were shoka, which was composed to bring western music to schools, and gunka, which are soldiery marches with some Japanese elements..cit ation needed As Japan moved towards translator democracy in the late(a) 19th century, leaders hired singers to conduct copies of songs that aired their messages, since the leaders themselves were usually prohibited from speaking in public. The avenue performers were called enka-shi.citation needed Also at the end of the 19th century, an Osakan form of streetcorner singing became popular this was called rkyoku. This included the start-off two Japanese stars, Yoshida Naramaru and Tochuken Kumoemon..citation neededIchiro Fujiyama, influentialrykka singerWesternized pop music is called kaykyoku, which is said to retain and kickoff appeared in a dramatization of Resurrection by Tolstoy. The song Kachsha no Uta, composed by Shinpei Nakayama, was sung by Sumako Matsui in 1914. The song became a hit among enka-shi, and was one of the first major best- sell records in Japan.citation needed . Rykka, which adopted Western classical music, made waves across the landed estate in the prewa r period..citation needed Ichiro Fujiyamabecame popular in the prewar period, but war songs later became popular when the world War II occurred..citation needed Kaykyoku became a major industry, especially after the arriver of superstar Misora Hibari.citation needed In the 1950s, tango and other kinds of Latin music, especially Cuban music, became in truth popular in Japan.citation needed A distinctively Japanese form of tango called dodompa also developed. Kaykyoku became associated entirely with traditional Japanese organises, while more Western-style music was called Japanese pop ( or simply JPop).citation needed Enka music, adopting Japanese traditional structures, became quite popular in the postwar period, though its popularity has waned since the 1970s and enjoys brusque favour with contemporary youth.citation needed Famous enka singers include Hibari Misora, Saburo Kitajima, Ikuzo Yoshi and Kiyoshi Hikawa. Artmusicedit source editbetaWestern classical musicedit source editbetaWestern classical music has a robust presence in Japan and the country is one of the most grave markets for this music tradition.citation needed, with Toru Takemitsu (famous as well for his avant-garde works and movie scoring) being the best known.citation needed Also famous is the conductor Seiji Ozawa. Since 1999 the pianist Fujiko Hemming, who plays Liszt and C skitterin, has been famous and her CDs have sold millions of copies.citation needed Japan is also home to the worlds leading wind lot.citation needed, the capital of Japan Kosei Wind Orchestra, and the largest music competition of any kind, the All-Japan chevron Association national contest.citation needed Western classical music does not fight Japans original culture. The Japanese were first exposed to it in the second half of the 19th century, after more than 200 age of national isolation during the Edo Period.citation needed But after that, Japanese analyze classical music earnestly to make it a part of th eir own artistic culture. Orchestras* Gunma Symphony Orchestra* Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra* Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra* Japan Philharmonic Orchestra* Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra* Kyoto Symphony Orchestra* Kyushu Symphony Orchestra* Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra* New Japan Philharmonic* NHK Symphony Orchestra* Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa* Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra* Sapporo Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo metropolitan Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo Symphony Orchestra* Yamagata Symphony Orchestra* Yomiuri Nippon Symphony OrchestraComposers* Rentar Taki (18791903)* Kosaku Yamada (18861965)* Kiyoshi Nobutoki1887-1965* Yasuji Kiyose (19001981)* Masao Ohki (19011971)* Sabur Moroi (19031977)* Kunihiko Hashimoto (19041949)* Tomojir Ikenouchi (19061991)* Yoritsune Matsudaira (19072001)* Hisato Ohzawa (19071953)* Shir Fukai (19071959)* Hisatada Otaka (19111951)* Akira Ifukube (19142006)* Fumio Hayasaka (19141955)* Minao Shibata (1916-1996)* Yoshir Irino (1921-1980)* Sadao Bekku (19222012)* Ikuma Dan (19242001)* Yasushi Akutagawa (19251989)* Roh Ogura (19261990)* Joji Yuasa (born 1929)* Toshiro Mayuzumi (19291997)* Akio Yashiro (19291976)* Teizo Matsumura (19292007)* Toru Takemitsu (19301996)* Makoto Moroi (born 1930)* Hikaru Hayashi (19312012)* Yuzo Toyama (born 1931)* Akira Miyoshi (born 1933)* Toshi Ichiyanagi (born 1933)* Maki Ishii (19362003)* Shigeaki Saegusa (born 1942)* Shin-ichiro Ikebe (born 1943)* Takashi Yoshimatsu (born 1953)* Akira Nishimura (born 1953)* Toshio Hosokawa (born 1955)Jazzedit source editbetaMain article Japanese get laidFrom the 1930s on (except during World War II, when it was repressed as music of the enemy)citation needed jazz has had a strong presence in Japan.citation needed The country is an important market for the music, and it is common that written texts unavailable in the United States or Europe are available there. A matter of Japanese jazz musicians have achieved popularity abroad as well as at home.citation needed Musicians such as June (born in Japan) and Dan (third generation American born, of Hiroshima fame), and Sadao Watanabe have a large fan base outside their native country. Lately, club jazz or nu-jazz has become popular with a growing number of young Japanese.citation needed domestic DJs such as Ryota Nozaki (Jazztronik), the two brothers Okino Shuya andOkino Yoshihiro of Kyoto Jazz Massive, Toshio Matsuura (former member of the United incoming Organization) and DJ Shundai Matsuo creator of the popular monthly DJ event, Creole inBeppu, Japan as well as nu-jazz artists, Sleepwalker, GrooveLine, and Soil & Pimp Sessions have brought great change to the traditional notions of jazz in Japan. Some of the newer bands include Ego-Wrappin and Sake waver along with more experimental musicians such as Otomo Yoshihide and Keiji Haino. -Popular musicedit source editbetaJ-Popedit source editbetaMain article J-popJ-pop, an abbre viation for Japanese pop, is a mostly assignd musical genre that entered the musical mainstream of Japan in the 1990s. advance(a) J-pop has its roots in 1960s pop and shake off music, such as The Beatles, which led to bands such as elated End fusing swing with Japanese music.7 J-pop was further defined by Japanese New Wave bands such as Yellow magic Orchestra and gray All Stars in the late 1970s.8 Eventually, J-popre consecrated kaykyoku ( row Singing Music, a term for Japanese pop music from the 1920s to the 1980s) in the Japanese music photo.9The term was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese music from foreign music. Dance and disco musicedit source editbeta boost information Eurobeat and Para ParaMomoiro trefoil Z is known for its innovative dance performances.10 In 1984, American musician Michael Jacksons phonograph album Thriller became the first album by a Western artist to sell over one million copies in Japanese Oricon charts history.11 His style i s cited as one of the models for Japanese dance music, leading the popularity of Avex Group andJohnny & Associates.12 In 1990, Avex Trax began to release the Super Eurobeat series in Japan. Eurobeat in Japan led the popularity of group dance form Para Para. While Avexs artists such as E very(prenominal) dwarfish(a) Thing and Ayumi Hamasaki became popular in 1990s, new names in the late 90s included Hikaru Utadaand Morning Musume. Hikaru Utadas introduce album, First Love, went on to be the highest-selling album in Japan with over 7 million copies sold, whereas Ayumi Hamasaki became Japans shed light on selling female and solo artist, and Morning Musume remains one of the most known girl groups in the Japanese pop music industry. Momoiro Clover Z is known for its energetic dance performances. They are heavily choreographed and feature gymnastic stunts.13 The energetic performances also incorporate elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies.14 Although the girls voices are not very stable when coupled with an intense dance, they never lipsynch.15 A 2013 survey shows that Momoiro Clover Z attracts the highest level of interest of all the femaleidol groups in Japan.16 trembleedit source editbetaIn the 1960s, Japanese jounce music bands imitated Western gemstone musicians such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and the Rolling Stones, along with other Appalachian folk music, psychedelic rock,mod and similar genres this was called Group Sounds (G.S.). John Lennon of The Beatles later became one of most popular Western musicians in Japan.17 Group Sounds is a genre of Japanese rock music that was popular in the mid to late 1960s.citation needed After the bellowing of Group Sounds, there were several influentialsinger-songwriters. Nobuyasu Okabayashi was the first who became widely recognized.citation needed Wataru Takada, exalt by Woody Guthrie, also became popular.citation needed. They both were influenced by American folk music but wrote Japanese lyric s. Takada used modern Japanese verse as lyrics, while Kazuki Tomokawa made an album using Chuya Nakaharas poems. Tomobe Masato, invigorate by Bob Dylan, wrote critically acclaimed lyrics.citation needed The Tigers was the most popular Group Sounds band in the era. Later, some of the members of The Tigers, The Tempters and The Spiders formed the first Japanese supergroup Pyg. Homegrown Japanese folk rock had developed by the late 1960s.citation needed Artists like Happy End are considered to have virtually developed the genre. During the 1970s, it grew more popular.citation needed The Okinawan band Champloose, along with Carol (led by Eikichi Yazawa), RC Succession and Shinji Harada were especially famous and helped define the genres sound. Sometimes also beginning in the late sixties, but mostly active in the seventies, are musicians mixing rock music with American-style folk and pop elements, usually gaugeled folk by the Japanese because of their regular use of the acoustic guit ar. This includes bands like Off Course, Tulip, Alice (led by Shinji Tanimura), Kaguyahime, Banban, and Garo. Solo artists of the same movement include Yosui Inoue, Yuming, and Iruka. Later groups, like Kai bind (led by Yoshihiro Kai) and early Southern All Stars, are often link up to the same movement.Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008Several Japanese musicians began experimenting with electronic rock in the early 1970s. The most notable was the internationally noted Isao Tomita, whose 1972 album Electric Samurai Switched on Rock featured electronic synthesizer renditions of contemporary rock and pop songs.18 Other early examples of electronic rock records include Inoue Yousuis folk rock and pop rock album Ice World (1973) and Osamu Kitajimas progressive psychedelic rockalbum Benzaiten (1974), both of which intricate contributions from Haruomi Hosono,1920 who later started the electronic music group Yellow Magic ring (later known as Yellow Magic Orchestra) in 1977.21 Most influent ially, the 1970s spawned the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra, led by Haruomi Hosono. In the1980s, Bowy inspired alternative rock bands like Shonen Knife, Boredoms, The Pillows and Tama & Little Creatures as well as more mainstream bands as Glay. In 1980, Huruoma and Ry Cooder, an American musician, collaborated on a rock album with Shoukichi Kina, driving force stooge the aforementioned Okinawan band Champloose. They were followed by Sandii & the Sunsetz, who further mixed Japanese and Okinawan influences. Also during the 80s, Japanese coat and rock bands gave birth to the movement known as visual kei, represented during its history by bands like X Japan, Buck-Tick, Luna Sea,Malice Mizer and many others, some of which experienced national, and international mastery in the in style(p) years. In the 1990s, Japanese rock musicians such as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, Southern All Stars, LArc-en-Ciel, Tube, Spitz, Wands, T-Bolan, Judy and Mary, Asian KungFu Generation, Field of View, Deen, Ulfuls, Lindberg, Sharam Q, The Yellow Monkey, The Brilliant park and Dragon Ash achieved great commercial message supremacy.citation needed Bz is the 1 best selling act in Japanese music since Oricon started to count.citation needed, followed by Mr. Children.citation needed In the 90s, pop songs were often used in films, anime, television advertising and dramatic programming, becoming some of the best-selling(predicate) forms of music in Japan.citation needed The rise of disposable pop has been linked with the popularity of karaoke, leading to criticism that it is consumerist Kazufumi Miyazawa of The Boom said I hate that buy, listen, and throw away and sing at a karaoke bar mentality. Of the visual kei bands Luna Sea, whose members toned down their on-stage attire with on-going success, was either very palmy, while Malice Mizer, Lacryma Christi, Shazna, Janne Da Arc, and Fanatic Crisis also achieved commercial success in the late 90s.citation neededGreen Stage of the Fuji Rock FestivalThe first Fuji Rock Festival candid in 1997. Rising Sun Rock Festival opened in 1999. spend Sonic Festival and Rock in Japan Festival opened in 2000. Though the rock mount in the 2000s is not as strong, newer bands such as Bump of Chicken, Sambomaster, Flow, Orange Range, Remioromen,Uverworld, Radwimps and Aqua Timez, which are considered rock bands, have achieved success. Orange Range also adoptsclarification needed hip hop. Established bands as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, andLArc-en-Ciel also continue to top charts, though Bz and Mr. Children are the only bands to maintain a high standards of their gross sales along the years. Japanese rock has a vibrant underground rock scene,citation needed best known internationally for noise rock bands such as Boredoms and Melt Banana, as well as stoner rock bands such as Boris and alternative acts such as Shonen Knife (who were championed in the West by Kurt Cobain),Pizzicato Five and The Pillows (who gained in ternational attention in 1999 for the FLCL soundtrack). More accomplished independent rock artists such asEastern Youth, The Band Apart and Number lady friend have found some success in Japancitation needed, but little recognition outside of their home country. Other notable international touring indie rock acts are Mono and Nisennenmondai. Punk rock / alternativeedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese hardcoreEarly examples of flashy rock in Japan include SS, The Star Club, The Stalin, Inu, Gaseneta, Bomb Factory, Lizard (who were elicitd by the Stranglers) and clash (whose guitar player Reck had previously played with Teenage Jesus and the Jerks before move to Tokyo) and The sacrilegious Hearts. The early punk scene was immortalized on film by Sogo Ishii, who directed the 1982 film Burst City featuring a cast of punk bands/musicians and also filmed videos for The Stalin. In the 80s, hardcore bands such as GISM, Gauze, Confuse, lip Cream and Systematic Death began appearing, some incorporating crossover elements.citation needed The independent scene also included a diverse number of alternative/post-punk/new wave artists such as Aburadako, P-Model,Uchoten, Auto-Mod, Buck-Tick, Guernica and Yapoos (both of which featured Jun Togawa), G-Schmitt, Totsuzen Danball and Jagatara, along with noise/industrial bands such as Hijokaidan andHanatarashi. Ska-punk bands of the late nineties extending in the years 2000 include Shakalabbits and 175R (pronounced inago rider). Heavy coatedit source editbetaJapan is known for being a successful area for metallic element bands touring around the world and many live albums are recorded in Japan. Notable examples are Judas Priests Unleashed in the East, Iron Maidens Maiden Japan, Deep empurples Made in Japan and Dream Theaters Live at Budokan. From the international bands, such as Angra, Sonata Arctica and Skylark especially with their singerKiara Laetitia have had major success in Japan.citation needed Japanes e heavy metal bands started emerging in the late 1970s, pioneered by bands like Bow Wow, formed in 1975 by guitarist Kyoji Yamamoto, and flashiness, formed in 1981 by guitarist Akira Takasaki. Although there existed other contemporary bands, like Earthshaker, Anthem and 44 Magnum, their debut albums were released only around the mid mid-eighties when metal bands started getting a major exposure. First oversease live performances were by Bow Wow in 1978 in Hong Kong and at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, as well played at the Reading Festival inEngland in 1982.22 In 1983, Loudness toured United States and Europe, and started focusing more on an international career. In 1985, the first Japanese metal act was signed to a major note in the United States. Their albums Thunder in the East and Lightning Strikes, released in 1985 and 1986, make at number 74 (while number 4 in country of origin Oricon chart), and number 64 in theBillboard 200 charts respectively.2324 Till the end of the eightes only two other bands, Ezo and Dead End, got their albums released in the United States. In the eighties few bands had a female members, like all-female band Show-Ya fronted by Keiko Terada, and Terra genus Rosa with Kazue Akao on vocals. In phratry 1989, Show-Yas album Outerlimits was released, it reached number 3 in the Oricon album chart.25 Heavy metal bands reached their peak in the late 80s and many disbanded until the mid-1990s.Concert of pioneer of visual kei, X Japan atHong Kong in 2009 after their 2007 reunion. In 1982, some of the first Japanese glam metal bands were formed, like Seikima-II with Kabuki-inspired makeup, and X Japan who pioneered the Japanese movement known as visual kei, and became the best-selling metal band.26 In 1985, Seikima-IIs album Seikima-II Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy metallic element was released and although reached number 48 on the Oricon album chart exceeded 100,000 in sales, first time for any Japanese metal band. Their albums charted regularly in the top ten until mid 90s. In April 1989, X Japans second album Blue Blood was released and went to number 6, and after 108 weeks on charts sold 712,000 copies.27 Their third and best-selling album Jelaousy was released in July 1991 it topped the chartsand sold 1.11 million copies.27 There were released more two number one studio albums, Art of Life and Dahlia, a singles compilation X Singles, all selling more than half a million,28 and since the formation had thirteenth top five singles, disbanding in 1997.29 utmost(prenominal) metaledit source editbetaJapanese extreme metal bands formed in the instigate of American and European wave, but didnt get any bigger exposure until the 90s, and like overseas the genre is usually treated as an underground form of music in Japan.citation needed First thrash metal bands formed in the early 80s, like United, whose music also incorporates conclusion metal elements, and Outrage. Uniteds first international performance t ook place in Los Angeles at the metal festival Foundations Forum in September 1995 and had few albums released in North America. Formed in the mid 80s, indicate played a gig in the United States in October 1988 at CBGB, and was active until 2000 when disbanded. The first bands to play black metal music were Sabbat, who is thus far active, and Bellzlleb, who was active until early 90s. another(prenominal) notable act is Sigh. Doom metal has also gained an audience in Japan. The two best-known Japanese end of the world metal acts are Church of Misery and Boris, both of whom have gained hefty popularity outside the country. Hip-Hopedit source editbetaMain article Japanese hip-hop knock is a newer form of music on the Japanese music scene. Many felt it was a trend that would immediately pass. However, the genre has lasted for many years and is still thriving. In fact, rappers in Japan did not achieve the success of hip-hop artists in other countries until the late 1980s. This was m ainly due to the music worlds belief that Japanese sentences were not capable of forming the rhyming effect that was contained in American rappers songs.30 There is a certain, well-defined structure to the music industry called The Pyramid Structure of a Music ikon. As Ian Condry notes, viewing a music scene in legal injury of a pyramid provides a more nuanced understanding of how to interpret the signification of different levels and kinds of success.31 The levels are as follows (from lowest to highest) fans and potential artists, performing artists, recording artists(indies), major label artists, and mega-hit stars. These different levels can be clearly seen at a genba, or iniquityclub. Different families of rappers perform on stage. A family is fundamentally a collection of rap groups that are usually headed by one of the more famous Tokyo acts, which also include a number of proteges.32 They are important because they are the key to understanding stylistic differences betwee n groups.33 Hip-hop fans in the audience are the ones in control of the night club. They are the judges who determine the winners in rap battles on stage. An example of this can be seen with the battle between rap artists Dabo (a major label artist) andKan (an indie artist). Kan challenged Dabo to a battle on stage while Dabo was mid-performance. other important part of night clubs was displayed at this time. It showed the openness of the scene and the liquid of boundaries in clubs.34 Electropop and club musicedit source editbetaSee also Electronic music, Synthpop, and Electro musicElectronic pop music in Japan became a successful commodity with the Technopop craze of the late 70s and 80s.citation needed, beginning with Yellow Magic Orchestra and solo albums ofRyuichi Sakamoto and Haruomi Hosono in 1978 before hitting popularity in 1979 and 1980. Influenced by disco, impressionistic and twentieth century classical composition, jazz/fusion pop, new wave and technopop artists such as Kraftwerk and Telex, these artists were commercial yet uncompromising.citation needed Ryuichi Sakamoto claims that to me, making pop music is not a compromise because I enjoy doing it. The artists that fall under the superior of technopop in Japan are as loose as those that do so in the West, thus new wave bands such as P-Model and The Plastics fall under the category alongside the symphonic techno arrangements of Yellow Magic Orchestra. The popularity of this music meant that many popular artists of the 70s that previously were known for acoustic music turned to techno production, such as Taeko Onuki and Akiko Yano, and idol producers began employing electronic arrangements for new singers in the 80s.citation needed Today, newer artists such as Polysics pay explicit homage to this era of Japanese popular (and in some cases underground or difficult to obtain) music.citation needed And the all trio girls band Perfume,who debuted with Tokuma Japan in 2005,are also atechno-pop band , pickings on electronic, dance and pop music taking on Auto-Tune, vocoders, and electrohouse upon their subscribe to a major label. They are currently considered as one of the most popular bands in Japan. Roots musicedit source editbetaIn the late 1980s, roots bands like Shang Shang Typhoon and The Boom became popular. Okinawan roots bands like Nenes and Kina were also commercially and critically successful. This led to the second wave of Okinawan music, led by the sudden success of Rinkenband. A new wave of bands followed, including the comebacks of Champluse and Kina, as led by Kikusuimaru Kawachiya very similar to kawachi ondo is Tadamaru Sakuragawas goshu ondo. Latin, reggae and ska musicedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese reggae and Japanese skaOther forms of music from Indonesia, Jamaica and elsewhere were assimilated. African soukous and Latin music, like Orquesta de la Luz (), was popular as was Jamaicanreggae and ska, exemplified by Mice Teeth, Mute Beat, L a-ppisch, Home Grown and Ska Flames, Determinations, and Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra. Noise musicedit source editbetaMain article JapanoiseAnother recognized music form from Japan is noise music. The noise from this country is called Japanoise. Its most swelled representative is Masami Akita with his project Merzbow. Theme musicedit source editbetaTheme music composed for films, anime, Tokusatsu, and Japanese television dramas are considered a separate music genre. Several prominent musical artists and groups have spent most of their musical careers performing theme songs and composing soundtracks for visual media. Such artists include Masato Shimon (current pallbearer of the world record for most successful single in Japan for Oyoge Taiyaki-kun),35 Ichirou Mizuki, all of the members of JAM Project, Akira Kushida, Isao Sasaki, and Mitsuko Horie. Notable composers of Japanese theme music include Joe Hisaishi, Michiru Oshima, Yoko Kanno, Toshihiko Sahashi, Yuki Kajiura, Ktar Naka gawa and Yuuki Hayashi. Game musiceditsource editbetaSee also delineation game music, Chiptune, and BitpopWhen the first electronic games were sold, they only had rudimentary sound chips with which to produce music. As the technology advanced, the quality of sound and music these game machines could produce increased dramatically. The first game to take credit for its music was Xevious, also noteworthy for its deeply (at that time) constructed stories. Though many games have had beautiful music to accompany their gameplay, one of the most important games in the history of the video game music is Dragon Quest. Koichi Sugiyama, a composer who was known for his music for various anime and TV shows, including Cyborg 009 and a feature film of Godzilla vs. Biollante, got involved in the project out of the pure curiosity and proved that games can have serious soundtracks. Until his involvement, music and sounds were often neglected in the schooling of video games and programmers with lit tle musical knowledge were forced to write the soundtracks as well. Undaunted by technological limits, Sugiyama worked with only 8 part polyphony to create a soundtrack that would not tire the player despite hours and hours of gameplay. Another well-known author of video game music is Nobuo Uematsu. Even Uematsus earlier compositions for the game series, Final Fantasy, on Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System in America) are being arranged for full orchestral score. In 2003, he even took his rock-based tunes from their original MIDI format and created The Black Mages. Yasunori Mitsuda is a passing known composer of such games as Xenogears, Xenosaga Episode I, Chrono Cross, and Chrono Trigger. Koji Kondo, the main composer for Nintendo, is also prominent on the Japanese game music scene. He is best known for the Zelda and Mario themes. Motoi Sakuraba is also another well-known video game composer. He is known for composing the Tales Series, Dark Souls, Eternal Sonata, Star Ocean, Valkyrie Profile, Golden Sun, and theBaten Kaitos games, as well as numerous Mario Sports games. Yuzo Koshiro is also noted for his work with games, having composed electronic music-influenced soundtracks for games like Revenge of Shinobi and the Streets of Rage series. The techno/trance music production group Ive Sound has made a name for themselves first by making themes for eroge computer games, and then by breaking into the anime scene bycomposing themes for them. Unlike others, this group was able to find fans in other parts of the world through their eroge and anime themes. Today, game soundtracks are sold on CD. Famous singers like Hikaru Utada, Nana Mizuki and BoA sometimes sing songs for games as well, and this is also seen as a way for singers to make a names for themselves. -See alsoedit source editbeta* J-pop* Visual kei* All-Japan Band Association* Buddhist music* Chindonya* Enka* Group Sounds* Japanese hardcore* Japanese hip hop* Japanese ska* Japanoise* Oricon* Rykka * Shibuya-kei* Shint music* Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra* List of Japanese rock bands* List of Japanese hip hop musicians* List of J-pop artists* In scale* Voice acting in Japan