Supreme Court of the United States and Reasonable Accommodation

35-1Discuss fully whether any of the following actions would constitute a violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as amended. 1. Tennington, Inc. is a consulting firm and has ten employees. These employees travel on consulting jobs in seven states. Tennington has an employment record of hiring only white males. 2. Novo Films, Inc. is making a film about Africa and needs to employ approximately one hundred extras for this picture. To hire these extras, Novo advertises in all major newspapers in Southern California.The ad states that only African Americans need apply. In depth it is a bit different. If Tennington, Inc is approached by more highly qualified white males than other genders, races, etc then no violation has been committed. If not then it is likely a violation. The film industry is perfectly capable of using makeup on other races to make them look African. In any case it makes sense that a film about Africa should use people who look like Africans. Films about the civil war generally look for actors who look like Lincoln, etc†¦ *tangent* historically in the music and theater industry there used to be â€Å"white face† and â€Å"black face†, of the two only white face really still exists in the form of mimes) All in all this is a bit of fact mixed with opinion, and I'm not in any way a Business Law expert. Hopefully all people are experts in one sense or the other on Ethics though 35-2Chinawa, a major processor of cheese sold throughout the United States, employs one hundred workers at its principal processing plant.The plant is located in Heartland Corners, which has a population that is 50 percent white and 25 percent African American, with the balance Hispanic American, Asian American, and others. Chinawa requires a high school diploma as a condition of employment for its cleaning crew. Three-fourths of the white population complete high school, compared with only one-fourth of those in the minority groups. Chinawa ha s an all-white cleaning crew. Has Chinawa violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? Explain.Educational requirements can be legally imposed providing the educational re ­quirement is directly related to, and necessary for, performance of the job. The requirement of a high school diploma is not a direct, job-related requirement in this case. Chinawa obviously comes under the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII, as amended, and the educational requirement under the circumstances is defi ­nitely discriminatory against minorities. 35-3 PGA Tour, Inc. , sponsors professional golf tournaments. A player may enter in several ways, but the most common method is to successfully compete in a three-stage qualifying tournament known as the â€Å"Q-School. Anyone may enter the Q-School by submitting two letters of recommendation and paying $3,000 to cover greens fees and the cost of a golf cart, which is permitted during the first two stages but is prohibited during the third stage. T he rules governing the events include the â€Å"Rules of Golf,† which apply at all levels of amateur and professional golf and do not prohibit the use of golf carts, and the â€Å"hard card,†which applies specifically to the PGA tour and requires the players to walk the course during most of a tournament.Casey Martin is a talented golfer with a degenerative circulatory disorder that prevents him from walking golf courses. Martin entered the Q-School and asked for permission to use a cart during the third stage. PGA refused. Martin filed a suit in a federal district court against PGA, alleging a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Is a golf cart in these circumstances a â€Å"reasonable accommodation† under the ADA? Why or why not? Yes, a golf cart is a reasonable accommodation for a talented golfer who suffers from a disability that prevents him from being able to walk the entire golf course.To qualify on a claim under the ADA, Martin must sh ow that he had a disability, was otherwise qualified for the PGA golf tournament, and was excluded from the tournament solely because of his disability. Here, Martin suffers from a degenerative circulatory disorder, was otherwise qualified to play golf in the tournament, but was excluded because his disability made him unable to walk the course. Allowing Martin to use a golf cart in these circumstances would be a reasonable accommodation. The court ordered PGA to permit Martin to use a cart. PGA appealed to the U. S.Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the order of the lower court. PGA appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which affirmed the lower court’s decision, ruling that a golf cart is a reasonable accommodation for a disabled athlete. PGA argued that making an exception to its â€Å"walking† rule would â€Å"fundamentally alter the sport of golf. † The Supreme Court disagreed, stating that the â€Å"use of a cart is not inconsist ent with the fundamental charac ­ter of the game of golf,† PGA’s tours, or the third stage of the Q-School. Golf is defined by â€Å"shot-making,† not by walking.The Court explained that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is applied case by case. In other words, â€Å"the needs of a disabled person are evalu ­ated on an individual basis. † Thus, in this case, â€Å"even if petitioner’s factual predicate is accepted, its legal posi ­tion is fatally flawed because its refusal to consider Martin’s personal circum ­stances in deciding whether to accommodate his disability runs counter to the ADA’s requirement that an individualized in ­quiry be conducted. † 35-4 The United Auto Workers (UAW) is the union that represents the employees of General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc.In 1997, a collective bargaining agreement between UAW and General Dynamics eliminated the company’s obligation to provide health insurance to employees who retired after the date of the agreement, except for current workers at least fifty years of age. Dennis Cline and 194 other employees over the age of forty but under age fifty objected to this term. They complained to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, claiming that the agreement violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967. The ADEA forbids discriminatory preference for the â€Å"young† over the â€Å"old. † Does the ADEA also prohibit favoring the old over the young?How should the court rule? Explain. The ADEA did also needed to prohibit favoring the old over the young. The ADEA should not only forbids discriminatory preference for the young over the old but should also forbids discriminatory preference for the old over the young. Just because the young are least likely to be using or needing health insurance they also need to be covered due to them also being human and they might as well need it due to health problems t hey might suffer accidently, airborne, and/or genetic. 35-5 Kimberly Cloutier began working at the Costco store in West Springfield, Massachusetts, in July 1997.Cloutier had multiple earrings and four tattoos, but no facial piercings. In June 1998, Costco promoted Cloutier to cashier. Over the next two years, she engaged in various forms of body modification, including facial piercing and cutting. In March 2001, Costco revised its dress code to prohibit all facial jewelry except earrings. Cloutier was told that she would have to remove her facial jewelry. She asked for a complete exemption from the code, asserting that she was a member of the Church of Body Modification and that eyebrow piercing was part of her religion. She was told to remove the jewelry, cover it, or go home.She went home and was later discharged for her absence. Cloutier filed a suit in a federal district court against Costco, alleging religious discrimination in violation of Title VII. Does an employer have an o bligation to accommodate its employees’ religious practices? If so, to what extent? How should the court rule in this case? Discuss. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, an employer must offer a reasonable accommodation to resolve a conflict between an employee’s sincere religious belief and a condition of employment, unless such an accommodation would create an undue hardship for the employer’s business.An accommodation constitutes an undue hard ­ship if it imposes more than a minimal cost on an employer. The only accommodation that Cloutier con ­sidered reasonable was a complete exemption from the no-facial-jewelry policy. This could be construed to impose an undue hardship on Costco. The company’s dress code could be based on the belief that employees reflect on their employers, especially em ­ployees who regularly interact with customers, as Cloutier did in her cashier position. Thus, Cloutier’s fa ­cial jewelry could have affected Costco’s public image.Under this reasoning and in such a situation, an employer has no obligation to offer an accommodation before taking other action. The court should issue a judgment in Costco’s favor. 35-6 For twenty years, Darlene Jespersen worked as a bartender at Harrah’s Casino in Reno,Nevada. In 2000,Harrah’s implemented a â€Å"Personal Best† program that included new grooming standards. Among other requirements, women were told to wear makeup â€Å"applied neatly in complimentary colors. † Jespersen, who never wore makeup off the job, felt so uncomfortable wearing it on the job hat it interfered with her ability to perform. Unwilling to wear makeup and not qualifying for another position at Harrah’s with similar compensation, Jespersen quit the casino. She filed a suit in a federal district court against Harrah’s Operating Co. , the casino’s owner, alleging that the makeup policy discriminated against women in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Harrah’s argued that any burdens under the new program fell equally on both genders, citing the â€Å"Personal Best† short-hair standard that applied only to men.Jespersen responded by describing her personal reaction to the makeup policy and emphasizing her exemplary record during her tenure at Harrah’s. In whose favor should the court rule? Why? The court granted a summary judgment to Harrah's. Jespersen appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the lower court’s judgment. The appellate court acknowledged that Jespersen was effectively terminated for failing to comply with the makeup requirement and agreed that â€Å"appearance standards, including makeup requirements, may well be the subject of a Title VII claim for sexual stereotyping. In this case, however, there was no â€Å"evidence to establish that complying with the ‘Personal Best’ standard s caused burdens to fall unequally on men or women, and there is no evidence to suggest Harrah's motivation was to stereotype the women bartenders. † Some standards applied to members of both sexes, some only to men, and some including the makeup policy only to women. â€Å"The only evidence in the record to support the stereotyping claim is Jespersen's own subjective reaction to the makeup requirement. We respect Jespersen's resolve to be true to herself and to the image that she wishes to project to the world.We cannot agree, however, that her objection to the makeup requirement, without more, can give rise to a claim of sex stereotyping under Title VII. If we were to do so, we would come perilously close to holding that every grooming, apparel, or appearance requirement that an individual finds personally offensive, or in conflict with his or her own self-image, can create a triable issue of sex discrimination. † 35-7 Cerebral palsy limits Steven Bradley’s use of his legs. He uses forearm crutches for short-distance walks and a wheelchair for longer distances. Standing for more than ten or fifteen minutes is difficult.With support, however, Bradley can climb stairs and get on and off a stool. His condition also restricts the use of his fourth finger to, for example, type, but it does not limit his ability to write—he completed two years of college. His grip strength is normal, and he can lift heavy objects. In 2001, Bradley applied for a â€Å"greeter† or â€Å"cashier† position at a Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , Supercenter in Richmond, Missouri. The job descriptions stated, â€Å"No experience or qualification is required. † Bradley indicated that he was available for full- or part time work from 4:00 P.M. to 10:00 P. M. any evening. His employment history showed that he currently worked as a proofreader and that he had previously worked as an administrator. His application was rejected, according to Janet Daugher ty, the personnel manager, based on his â€Å"work history† and the â€Å"direct threat† that he posed to the safety of himself and others. Bradley claimed, however, that the store refused to hire him due to his disability. What steps must Bradley follow to pursue his claim? What does he need to show to prevail? Is he likely to meet these requirements? Discuss.As per the law an employer is legally liable for discrimination against people with disabilities if as an employer he falls under these criteria’s: private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies, labor organizations, and labor-management committees. The part of the ADA enforced by the EEOC outlaws job discrimination by: all employers, including State and local government employers, with 25 or more employees after July 26, 1992, and All employers, including State and local government employers, with 15 or more employees after July 26, 1994. Another part of the ADA, enforced by the U.S. Department of Justice, prohibits discrimination in State and local government programs and activities, including discrimination by all State and local governments, regardless of the number of employees, after January 26, 1992. To be protected under the ADA, you must have a record of, or be regarded as having a substantial, as opposed to a minor, impairment. A substantial impairment is one that significantly limits or restricts a major life activity such as hearing, seeing, speaking, walking, breathing, and performing manual tasks, caring for oneself, learning or working.If you have a disability, you must also be qualified to perform the essential functions or duties of a job, with or without reasonable accommodation, in order to be protected from job discrimination by the ADA. This means two things. First, you must satisfy the employer’s requirements for the job, such as education, employment experience, skills or licenses. Second, you must be able to perform the essential fu nctions of the job with or without reasonable accommodation. Essential functions are the fundamental job duties that you must be able to perform on your own or with the help of a reasonable accommodation.An employer cannot refuse to hire you because your disability prevents you from performing duties that are not essential to the job. The crux of the matter is whether there is such a thing as a right to a job. Obviously there isn’t. The only right here, which is violated by the federal agencies, is the one of the owner of the establishment. The right to one’s property, a right protected by the constitution, which implies that one is free to hire whomever one wishes to and for whatever reason suits one’s fancy.While refusing admission or a job because of someone’s race, gender, nationality or any reason other than lacking the required qualification and experience for the job may be foolish but one has the right to run one’s own business foolishly if one wishes to. There is no right such as the right to a job, right to health care, right to education, etc. A right implies something one has by the virtue of being a human being, not a service to be provided or exchanges with another human being. If one has the right to demand an exchange of services, not via mutual agreement but by force then that’s slavery for the other person.One has the right to one’s property and dispose of it as one wishes to. As long as no one forces the parties involved to deal with each other, no one’s rights are violated. Not real ones at least. One can imagine several non existing rights and cry foul play, however that won’t hold ground constitutionally and reasonably. Hotels, clubs and several other organizations exercise this right; however some businesses are DISCRIMINATED against by the federal authorities and held liable for what is their right. At best Wal-Mart can be accused of foolish business practices, nothing more. It is shocking that the courts completely disregard the basic tenets of the constitution. If something requires a service to be provided to me by someone else then it can not be a right. An exchange of services requires mutual agreement. The only thing required as far as the rights are concerned is that people don’t violate yours. Again this is the case of the government preaching morality, which isn’t the business of a government. Interestingly why has the federal government limited the application of discrimination statutes to firms with a specified number of employees, such as fifteen or twenty?Shouldn’t these laws apply to all employers, regardless of size? The federal government limits the application of discrimination to firms with 15 or 20 employees because an organization under the law is responsible for providing reasonable accommodation. The ADA does not, however, require an employer to lower its product or performance standards to accommodate a disabl ed employee. If a particular accommodation would impose an undue hardship — such as a major financial strain on a company — a business owner must first try to find another way to comply.If a small business cannot afford to install a wheelchair ramp, for example, it might offer to split the cost with the employee. In extreme cases, however, undue hardship can exempt you from ADA regulations on a case-by-case basis. If rights were indeed violated then the size of the company shouldn’t matter at all. Whether an individual steals a single dollar or millions, its thievery, it is a violation of someone’s right to their property. Just because a poor person steals doesn’t make it alright.The punishment ought to befit the crime; however that is a separate issue. The federal agencies can not discriminate and create rights that do not exist and then cherry pick the people it will hold liable for the violation of these supposed rights. The fact that this is un constitutional and not enough people are outraged is a reflection of the extent to which the left has infested the mind of most people. Only in soviet Russia the need of a person is justification enough for the violation of someone’s rights.

Interpreting Financial Results Essay

Financial ratios analysis shows the connections concerning the facets of the company’s dealings and delivers to the public the companies’ situation and performance. Financial ratios could offer signs and indications of the financial situation and warnings of possible problem areas. I was assigned the Waste Management Inc. company they the â€Å"leading provider of comprehensive waste management services in North America. The subsidiaries provide collection, transfer, recycling, and disposal services. They are also a leading developer, operator and owner of waste-to-energy and landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the United States† (SEC.gov, 2013) This paper contains Waste Management Inc. financial reports from the years 2010 through 2013. I used the company’s last four years of balance sheet to calculate and compare numerous financial ratios against the company’s industry benchmarks. Waste Management, Inc.’s statement is separated by three categories; solvency, efficiency and profitability. Due to its complications in the fact that it’s a service industry and not sales industry, some of the figures are different from a sales company. Solvency ratios Current Ratio The current ratio of Waste Management Inc. shows 0.77, 0.80 and 0.83 for years 2011 through 2013.The formula I used is â€Å"cash & bank balance+ acct. receivable year) / total current liabilities of year† (Mergentkbr, 2014). It is trending upward but shows that it’s slight below the industry standard which shows 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0 from 2011, 2012 and 2013. According to our text book, the higher the current ratio the healthier the company becomes. By not meeting the industry standards, this can make investors leave and look for different companies to invest on. Quick ratio The quick ratio shows that in 2011, 2012, and 2013 resulted in .72, .74 and  .77. the formula I used is â€Å"total current assets of year / total current liabilities of year† ( Mergentkbr, 2014) Once again, the trend is on the upswing and the industry median standard is 1.30, 1.40 and 1.30 in 2011 to 2013 which shows that due to its low inventory, the numbers did change as much and that a good thing due to the fact that inventory delays progress. Efficiency Ratios Collection Period (days) According to the data, the collection period during 2011to 2013 are 33.75, 37.43 and 39.40 I used the formula â€Å"account receivable of year *365/ sales of year† (Mergentkbr, 2014), this shows that it’s trending upward but still outperformed the industry standard which shows 36.30, 39.30, and 41.60 from 2011 to 213. Reason for this collection period growing could be as simple as customer size multiplying every year due to population growth. Sales/Inventory (times) According to the data, 2011-2013 sales/inventory shows 42.52, 78.13, and 51.20 from 2011 to 2013. I used the formula â€Å"sales of year / inventory of year† (Mergentkbr, 2014) to calculate for sales and inventory times. As you can see in 2011-2012 there was major spike in the inventory which matches with the industry standards. Industry median standard shows 62.60, 78.40 and 52.20 from 2011 to 2013. In this case Waste Management Inc. is above the industry standard which allows them to have a faster turnaround time and gives flexibility of getting rid of their inventory faster. Profitability Return on Sales According to the data, return of sales 3.50%, 4.30% and 2.30% from 2011-2013, I used the formula â€Å"100* net profit of year / sales of year† (Mergentkbr, 2014). From 2012 to 2013 there’s 2% dip in percentage in return on sales, this coincides with Industry median standards which shows the numbers of 3.40%, 3.90% and 2.40%. The company is right on the industry standard in this case. Return on Assets According to the data, return on assets shows 5.10%, 4.20% and 3.67% from  2011 to 2013, I used the formula â€Å"100*net profit of year / total assets of year† (Mergentkbr, 2014). It is on the down swing and it’s below the industry median standard. Industry shows 5.20%, 3.80% and 3.20%. Summary A financial ratio normally by itself doesn’t mean anything unless benchmarked with other companies in the same industry. It shows how well the business measure up against the competition and also can be a tool to measure growth of the business towards eventual company goals. Ratio analysis, when implemented frequently over a period of time, can assist small companies identify and adjust to trends that affects their procedures. References: http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/823768/000119312512065370/d260235d10k.htm http://www.mergentkbr.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/index.php/reports/industry

Dennis Gioia “The Ford Pinto Fire” Essay

In 1968, Ford Motor Company made plans for a car that would be inexpensive, small, and appeal to all car buyers. The planned project was to meet the 2000/2000 rule, meaning that the Pinto could weigh no more than 2,000 pounds, and cost no more than $2,000. This rule was instituted because of the extreme competition from foreign car makers such as Toyota and all of the automotive companies at the time. However, the 2000/2000 rule left designers with limited ability to design a car the way it should be designed. The Pinto was brought into production faster than any other car had ever been produced; twenty five months from the inception of the idea of the Pinto to production when the industry average at the time was forty-three months. The engineers had to cut corners in the design and were rushed building the Pinto, which later resulted in many mistakes that were overlooked. The first Pinto was put on the market in 1971. The Pinto’s problems originated with placement of the gas tank. It was customary to place the gas tank between the rear axle and the bumper to give the vehicle more truck space. However, on the Pinto the gas tank was only nine inches away from the rear axle and on the rear axles transfer case were bolts that stuck out facing the rear bumper of the vehicle. When the Pinto was rear ended, the gas tank would be forced up to the rear axle, and the transfer case bolts would puncture the gas tank. Also the fuel filler pipe was poorly designed and could easily become detached in a rear end collision, causing gasoline to spill over the ground. This was the cause of the numerous large fires and the gas tank tendency to explode. Explosions of the gas tank occurred at any collision at or above thirty one miles per hour. The doors on the Pinto would tend to jam shut when rear ended at high speeds, causing victims to burn alive if not killed on impact. Due to the serious defects and the numerous deaths involved with the Pinto, there were many law suits against Ford Motor Company. Dennis Gioia, an engineer and MBA graduate, was involved in the decision not to recall the vehicles. Ford came up with a Cost Benefit analysis. The benefits accounted for 180 burn deaths prevented,  180 serious burn injuries prevented, 2,100 burned vehicles prevented. If those number are multiplied by $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, and $700 per vehicle, the final benefit to society, or amount of money Ford would have to pay if they did not recall any of the their vehicles, was $49.5 million. Compared to the cost to recall 11 million cars and1.5 million light trucks, at $11 per vehicle would equal $137 million on recalls. Ford believed they were justified in not recalling the cars due to the amount they would spend on recalls far out-weighed the amount they would spend to compensate customers for death, injury or harmed cars. ANALYSIS OF GIOIA’S DECISION Ford eventually agreed to recall the Pinto on June 10, 1978. They sent out the recall notices on August 22, 1978. Ford originally gave four reasons why they did not want to recall the Pinto: 1) Ford had based an earlier advertising campaign around safety, which failed. 2) The bad publicity involved with a recall would be too much negative publicity to overcome. 3) At the time of the product designs and crash tests, the law did not require them to redesign the fuel system. 4) It was customary in the automotive industry to place the gas tank between the rear axle and bumper. We will evaluate Gioia’s earlier decision to choose not to recall the vehicles based on the reasons noted above. Dennis Gioia had started as an advocate for human rights and protection, prior to his appointment to the position at Ford Motor Company. He was aware of the design defects with the Pinto, however, he succumbed to the corporate rhetoric of buyer risk and consumer demand as rational for the decision to keep the Pinto on the market. Generalization Test Generalization theory – A rational choice must be generalizable , the reason for a certain action should be consistent with the assumption that everyone who has the same reasons will act the same way. The decision to keep the Pinto on the market passed the generalizations test: 1. The Cost Analysis used was acceptable in the production market 2. The vehicle met applicable safety laws at the time of production 3. The placement of the gas tank was in compliance with car production standards 4. Consumer demand for the vehicles increased profits 5. The recall would reduce profits and negatively impact the company . Utilization Test The decision also passed the utilization Test Utilitarian theory – We all have some ultimate end that is called utility. An action is ethical only if no other available action creates greater total utility. 1. A greater number of consumers were happy with the vehicle than were injured or killed 2, Recalling the cars would create more financial loss than keeping them on the market with the defects 3. The cost to make the cars safer would have increased the cost of production and not meet the 2000/2000 concept mandated by the corporate leaders 4. The delay in production would have deceased the company’s ability to compete in the small car market and decrease profits, Value Test Value ethics theory – virtue is a part of our essence and help describe who we are The decision not to recall the Pinto failed the value test. 1. A rational person with virtue and concern for human rights would not place a arbitrary price on the value of human life as opposed to profits. 2. Although a corporation is not a person it is an entity that relys of the people to value and purchase the products or services it provides 3. The decision to put an obviously flawed vehicle on the market and justify it by placing the responsibility on the consumer to accept the risk is irresponsible and reprehensible for any entity to adopt as a marketing strategy. 4. There is no virtue in a corporation or its management, that would routinely select profit over human safety and death, when they know it can be rectified.

No topic need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No topic need - Essay Example ion, it also tries to produce or develop products as per the preferences of the customers so as to enhance their reliability and loyalty within their minds. Only then, the rate of switch over costs of the customers might get reduced thereby enhancing the demand of the product lines of Ford motors. Other than this, in order to retain the customers for longer period of time, the organization of Ford Motors desire to offer high attention over quality, performance and technical specifications. Keeping this concept of product in mind, the organization of Ford Motors developed Honda Civic GX, which is extremely trendy in design and excellent in all season roads. The development of Honda Civic GX helped the organization of Ford Motors to fascinate a wide range of customers thereby amplifying its market share by almost 35 percent among others. However, in order to enhance its selling target, the organization tried to promote the specifications of this car such as ultra-high performance, high comfort etc in order to attract the interested customers. This is done in order to increase the demand of the product thereby amplifying the profit margin and brand image of the organization among others. Moreover, as per marketing concept, the organization of Ford Motors develops the product lin es, keeping in mind the requirements and needs of the customers so as to retain its loyalty and reliability. Furthermore, in order to retain the well-being of the society, the organization of Ford Motors developed Honda Civic GX, and promoted it by the name, green car. This clearly shows that, the organization tries to protect the environment from varied types of green houses gases emitted from the non-renewable fuels. b) In order to protect the market share and profitability, the organization of Ford Motors tried to offer higher concentration over the prices of its products. This is because, maximum extent of its target customers desire to attain, high-ended products but at a competitive

Third World Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Third World Countries - Essay Example Accordingly, underdevelopment emerges as a consequences of culture, politics, dependency and colonialisation, although not necessarily in that order. Dependency theorists look towards history for the clarification of the reasons why some countries have successfully attained economic development while others have displayed a persistent failure to do the same and, are immediately influenced by Wallerstein's world systems theory. The aforementioned may be defined in the following terms (DuPlessis, 1988: 222): "Wallerstein's method, is premised on two linked propositions: first that social change occurs only in social systems and second, that the social system appropriate as an object of analysis is a world system Hence, his concern is with the evolution of structures of the whole system,' understood as entirely distinct from its component parts, rather than with the histories - even if treated comparatively - of the various regions, nations or people that it includes. A world system, is a real, identifiable, analyzable thing: bounded and substantially self-contained, it consists of a unified economy founded on a well-developed division of labor yet incorporating a multiplicity of cultures." As may be deduced from the above quote, the World Systems Theory (WST) defines the global political economy as a single whole, but comprised of numerous distinct categories. The first category is the core, who "benefited the most from the capitalist world economy," because they were the colonial powers and motivated colonialism in order to expand both their economic and political influence over the globe, using their strong military forces to do so ("Modern History Sourcebook", n.d.: n.p.). The second category, the Periphery, can be defined as the exploited and the oppressed compared to the exploiter and oppressor status of the core. As Lachman (1988) argues, the periphery countries did not have the strong and stable political systems which the core did, also lacking the military force which the core had. Consequently, this left them vulnerable to forced political and economic exploitation. Even with the demise of colonialism, the systems theory remains very active for two reasons. The first is that the economic effects of imperialism are long-term. This historical era gave the North or the core, a tremendous head start over the South in terms of development, even culminating in the regression of the economies of the South and limiting their potential for development. As stated in the "Modern History Sourcebook," according to Wallerstein's systems theory, "an analysis of the history of the capitalist world system shows that it has brought about a skewed development in which the economic and social disparities between sections of the world economy have increased rather than provided prosperity for all." The second is that colonialism was ultimately followed by neo-colonialism, whereby the multinational corporate representatives of the core continued the drainage of the south's resources and its transference to the North (Li, 2000). As per the presented argument, representing the stand of the dependency theorists on the question of the South's continued underdevelopment, underdevelopment is rooted in historical circumstances which effectively ensured the impoverishment of the South and its

Business Ethics and Social Responsibility of Coca-Cola Company Assignment

Business Ethics and Social Responsibility of Coca-Cola Company - Assignment Example The Company identifies HIV/ AIDS as a world epidemic and observes the role of the workplace in preventing and limiting its spread. Coca-Cola has also collaborated with several NGOs and pharmaceuticals companies in Africa in providing services such as free HIV testing and counseling, antiretroviral drugs provision, caring for children orphaned by AIDS and creating international preventive and awareness campaigns (Zhang 2010).  This CSR project implemented by Coca-Cola Company is currently covering an estimate of over 60,000 systems Coca-Cola employees together with their partners and children (Zhang 2010). By implementing such a CSR project, Coca- Cola Company is not only exercising its ethical and social responsibility to its employees in Africa but also strategically protecting its businesses and operations. The stakeholders at the Coca-Cola Company include its customers, suppliers, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), industry, academia, industry, bottlers, and par tners. Coca-Cola is a multinational business that covers an extensive consumer base in over 200 countries (Zhang 2010). Currently, the company stands as the World’s No. 1 still and sparkling beverage distributor.  It also boasts of over 500 brands and some of its notable brands include, Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Minute Maid, Fanta, Sprite and Del Valle.

Profiles in Courage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profiles in Courage - Essay Example Of the eight senators referred to in this book, the history of George W Norris and Robert A Taft is especially amazing. George W Norris George W Norris was a senator from the state of Nebraska. He served five terms in the United States Senate, spanning across the period 1913-1943 (Kennedy 171). Though being from a family of not much educated farmers of Scottish ancestry, he turned out to be a bright student who secured a degree in law from Valparaiso University (Kennedy 173). Senator George W Norris was especially known to be a man of vision and a fearless and honest speaker, emphatically dedicated to the cause of the common people (Kennedy 172). Though Senator Norris was not always successful in his endeavors, yet he seldom hesitated from responding to the call of his conscience, sans personal interests and party affiliations. Senator Norris was also known for committing himself to political causes that though just and in national interest, sometimes contradicted with the stakes of his constituency. Senator Norris held a filibuster against Woodrow Wilson’s intentions to use the American merchant ships for military purposes, an act that enervated his supporters in Nebraska (Kennedy 182). In the year 1928, Senator George W Norris happened to be the only prominent politician from Nebraska, who supported the presidential campaign of a highly unpopular Democrat Al Smith, solely out a sense of unwavering personal conviction (Kennedy 178).

Response to Intervention Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response to Intervention - Term Paper Example RTI once again bring the focus back to the endeavor of improving the performance of the students of all shades and hues while adhering to a common system. Response to Intervention Response to Intervention or RTI is a program for academic intervention adhered to in the United States of America. The main objective of RTI is to extend systematic and organized intervention to the students who have difficulty learning, at an early stage. The primary advantage of RTI is that it dilutes the chances of academic failure by resorting to research based intensive interventions for children who have learning difficulties (Brown-Chidsey & Steege, 2005, p. 3). RTI allows for a systematic and frequent appraisal and measurement of the performance of such students. RTI also helps the accrual of data and information that could be used to make educational decisions on a long term basis. RTI primarily resorts to such interventions that tend to be scientific in their nature and scope and that had been fou nd to be effective and successful in randomized controlled trials (Brown-Chidsey & Steege, 2005). ... It is very important to intervene early in a student’s learning experience. It enables the educators and parents to respond the specific needs of the children who may evince signs of having learning difficulties, thereby helping these children to be successful in their early learning endeavors (Brown-Chidsey & Steege, 2005, p. 22). Intervention into the learning experiences of the students at an early stage helps the educators and parents to prevent the problem from getting out of control. This allows the educators to identify students who may be open to the risk of having learning disabilities. The response and recognition provision inherent in Response to Intervention enable the teachers and parents to adhere to scientific strategies aimed at helping such children, right from the start. This early intervention prevents many young students from being academic failures, or being selected for advanced and more formal evaluations or being subjected to special education programs (Brown-Chidsey & Steege, 2005, p. 100). Early intervention enables the teachers to promptly respond to the specific needs of the students and the students are not required to fail before they are subjected to apt interventions. Response to Intervention approach has many salient benefits. First and foremost, the most important benefit of the Response to Intervention approach is that the students having difficulty learning do not have to succumb to the standard â€Å"wait to fail† criteria before their problem gets recognized. This enables these students to receive help while affiliating to a general education setting. Considering the scarce resources accessible to the contemporary education system and the high cost of extending special education, Response to

Home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home work - Essay Example The basement has boards which show what to expect in the building, and shows where they can be found. The basement also has an indoor environmental quality, which gives information about the dangers of inhaling volatile organic compounds. The first floor shows the history and the mission of the building. It also shows its plan and layout, the surrounding neighborhood . The floor also shows the LEED performance, which is the criteria used to determine a green building. The second floor is concerned with the energy and atmosphere, such that, the windows had been covered by a bronze Mylar film, which reduces the full glare of light i.e. ultraviolet ray and, infrared rays. The walls have also been made from wheat board that uses a safer bonding agent, which is emission free. The third floor has a board showing the common cause of Colorado, the advantages of the use of fiber glass in the building and the benefits of using shared hands, which leads to saving money. The floor will use insulations of cellulose, natural cotton fiber and soy based foam. All these are natural and organic materials. The furnishings in the lobby, offices and meeting rooms are made from recyclable materials, the development of clean and renewable energy by buying a wind power and a composite door from minerals and fibrous

Modern Technology - Is Facebook safe from hackers Essay

Modern Technology - Is Facebook safe from hackers - Essay Example Despite the growing popularity of Facebook, this social network’ reliability is being questioned because Facebook is extremely vulnerable to computer hacking and data loss. This paper will particularly discuss modern technology and evaluate whether Facebook is safe from hackers. The surprising revelation is that more than three quarters of the teens and almost the same percentage of middle aged persons in the nation presently use social media; and in addition, there is the stunning revelation that â€Å"according to 42% of the population, internet is the most essential thing when the other options available are television, radio, and newspaper†. The last few decades witnessed tremendous changes in technology, specifically information technology, and this explosive technological growth entirely changed the way people across the globe communicate with each other. Some of the major modern technological advancements include iPhone, tablets, smartphones, and e-book readers. Although the modern technology improved people’s living standards and assists them to save time and money, it has some major disadvantages too. It is clear that social networking websites constitute the world’s largest database and therefore computer hackers specifically aim at popular networks like Facebook in order to obtain unauthorized access to users’ personal data.... In addition, Facebook is a hot spot of virus attacks and other malware threats. Nowadays, malwares appear in Facebook in the form of advertisement links or porn videos. If an individual clicks on those links or videos, they will automatically be reposted or shared on his friends’ Facebook walls and this error leads to misunderstanding and conflicts. The weak default security settings of this website make things worse. To illustrate, any person can post a malicious link or video on the wall of a Facebook user who follows default security settings. According to Consumer Reports survey 2011, nearly 7.5 million children under the age of 13 and 5 million under the age of 10 maintain a Facebook account and violate this social website’s terms of service. Evidently, these children are not adequately informed of various hacking threats like posting of malicious links and videos and hence they are extremely prone to Facebook hacking. Today, Facebook has become a common platform f or people around the globe to express their opinions or to share their views. Recently, many public movements have been set up using Facebook as a common place to meet. According to a report by Brodzinsky, hundreds of thousands of Columbians are planning to organize a rally against the nation’s most powerful rebel group Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC). They use Facebook to meet together and make future plans. However, some security threats limit the scope of Facebook. Phishing is a major threat that challenges the security of Facebook accounts. According to Straub et al, phishing can be defined as the â€Å"act of tricking someone into giving†¦ confidential information or tricking them into doing something that they normally would not do or should

Early to Middle Childhood Essay Example for Free

Early to Middle Childhood Essay If you ever seen a preschooler rushing off to play with a neighborhood friend, you know the enjoyment that children derive from being with their peers. Aside from this enjoyment, peer relationship is significant to a child’s social development. At the beginning of early childhood up to the middle childhood, children become less dependent on their parents. At the age of 2, children play independently with their toys but later in this period, children will tend to play with interaction. This change in the mode of playing of children will be formalized in the start of school age. Other than enjoyment, play becomes a material for social improvements. It allows children to be more competent in their social interactions with others and serves as a way to develop self-control. They avoid hitting an opponent who outlasted them and they tend to develop control of emotions (Selman et al. , 1983; Feldman, 1982). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development The theory of psychologist Jean Piaget is the most well known of all the theories in cognitive development. He suggested two stages during early childhood and middle childhood. The movement from one stage to another requires a proper amount of maturation and experiences. Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) The use of language is the major development during the preoperational stage. In this stage, children develop their sense of representation of the world that allows them to describe people, events, and feelings. They even use symbols in play to represent a particular object. For example, a book that was pushed across the floor is a car for them. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) The mastery of the concept of conservation marked the beginning of the concrete operation stage. During this stage, children develop their ability to think in a more logical manner. The egocentrism characteristic of the preoperational period is slowly disappearing in this stage. One of the things that the children learn at this stage is the principle of reversibility, the idea that some changes can be undone by reversing the earlier action that result to the change. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development In trying to trace the course of social development, Eric Erikson developed the most comprehensive theory of social development. He included two stages during childhood which include the initiative versus guilt stage and the industry versus inferiority stage. Initiative versus Guilt Stage (age 3 to 6) In this stage, the major conflict is the desire of a child to initiate an activity independently but feeling the guilt that bring by the consequences of such activity. Parents take a big part in helping their child to adapt with this stage. They should react positively and take time to resolve problems under this stage. Industry versus Inferiority Stage (age 6-12) During this period, successful psychosocial development is featured by increasing competency across all tasks, may it be social interactions or academic skills. Intelligence Intelligence can take on many different meanings. A person who reason logically and identify more solutions in a problem is considered intelligent. Another is verbal abilities which are also attributed as being intelligent. Intelligence in a more focused meaning is the capacity to understand the world, think critically and rationally and use resources in an effective manner when face with challenges. The first formal intelligent test was performed by Alfred Binet. He used this test to identify the dullest student in Paris school system in order to provide them with corrective assistance. However, theories of intelligence began to unravel the mysteries of our intellect. One of the first theory in intelligence assumed that there was a single factor contributing to mental ability, called the g-factor (Spearman, 1927). Consequently, psychologist L. L. Thurstone suggested that there are several primary mental abilities underlying general intelligence. By using innovative statistical technique, he classified a variety of subcomponents of intelligence which includes numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, memory and verbal comprehension. Other than that, Howard Gardner proposed an idea that we have seven multiple intelligence. In these seven multiple intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, and interpersonal intelligence can be seen during childhood years. Gender Identity Our society holds well-defined stereotypes about men and women, and they prevail regardless of age, economic status, and social and educational background. Although the difference in many studies about men and women may conclude large difference, still it is not the reality. In considering the differences that were documented, it can be seen that there are more similarity than difference between men and women. One of the most known differences between men and women is their degree of aggression. By the time they are 2 years old, boys tend to show more aggression than girls and this continues throughout their lifespan. Furthermore, during the middle childhood, children are quite different in the level of self-esteem. Girls, on the average, have lower self-esteem compared to boys. References Feldman, R. S. (1982). Development of non-verbal behavior in children. New York: Spriner-Verlag. Harder, A. F. â€Å"The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson†. Learning Place Online. Retrieved April 3, 2009 @ http://www. support4change. com/stages/cycles/Erikson. html Selman, R. L. , Schorin, M. Z. , Stone, C. R. Phelps, E. (1983). A naturalistic study of children’s social understanding. Developmental Psychology, 19, 82-102 Spearman, C. (1927). The Abilities of Man. London: Macmillan.

The Chancery Procedure in the Juvenile Court, in The Child, The Clinic, and the Court Essay Example for Free

The Chancery Procedure in the Juvenile Court, in The Child, The Clinic, and the Court Essay From 1899, the juvenile court has always handle three types of juvenile cases. These cases include: child neglect, abuse and other status offences. Juvenile delinquency cases are unlawful action that is performed by the minors which would therein be crimes if they were partaken by adults. Status offences are on the other hand noncriminal offences which are deemed offences if they are committed by the minors. The common examples of these status offences include running away and truancy. Till 1960s, both noncriminal and criminal behaviors were all considered to be forms of delinquents. Hence the law did not differentiate between delinquents and status offenders. In neglect and child abuse cases, the court will always provide protection for children who are abuse or neglected. In the year 1994, delinquency cases made up to 64% of the total juvenile cases in these courts, with status offences making 15% and neglect and abuse cases making 16% of the total national juvenile court cases. I have discussed all these types of these cases below with the description of these court processes that are involved in the handling of these cases along with the current policy issues which are involved. It is worth noting that though these cases seem to be different from each other, there are some common themes and values which are applied in handling these cases. The most obvious of these is the judges which are handling these cases to note that these children need to be taken care of for their development in making legal decisions making much attention to the legal needs of children along with their families. Secondly, even if the court is one of the institutions that work to the betterment of the families and children, it is posed with a unique and awesome power in delinquency, child abuse cases and the status offences cases. Juvenile court has powers to separate the children from their parents, can also order these minors to live in confined places, also they can end the biol ogical right of relationship between a child and the parent and create for them other new parental rights. As these decisions are deemed to be very serious and fundamental to the well being of children, ensuring these courts possesses adequate resources is very vital as it handles every type of cases. Judges require information, workable facilities and adequate training so that it can be able to handle these cases in the most appropriate manner. Adequate representation of all the involved parties should always be in the court proceedings. All the communities need to have safe, effective program and placements which are available for children coming before the court. As it would be very clear from the subsequent discussion, these courts handle very difficult workloads and involves the most emotion laden and very controversial issues in most parts of the society. Because of this, these decisions have in many cases faced disagreements. The extent to which these cases should be equipped and expanded to equip them with the resources that are required for them to adequately perform their roles has formed basis of many discussions and debates. Lastly, as these courts make decisions which are very vital in the societal development, they are most often the subject of the social media and in most cases form the basis for political platform. So judges should always have the urge to play leadership roles, both in the agencies which serve children and the broader community so as to encourage thoughtful and deliberative approaches to all these problems, instead of other approaches which are reached hastily. Delinquency The juvenile handling of the delinquent case is the one which is always handled by these courts in the general public perception. When unlawful deeds are committed by the minors, these cases are usually brought under these courts as delinquent cases. These cases in most cases include petty theft, misdemeanors, vandalism and also some kind of felonies like robbery and other aggravated assaults. The maximum age handled by these courts are typically determined by the state laws. In the District of Columbia and other 37 states, the maximum age for this is 17 years of age, in other 10 states it is 16 and in the rest 3 this is set to a maximum of 15 years. Currently these courts have become the centre stage for public concern due to the increasing number of crimes and the high rate of juvenile related crimes. Recently these courts have been criticized for their perceived leniency towards their decision on these juvenile delinquents. One of the best examples of this is the inability of these courts failure to impose sentences that go beyond 21 years of age. High visibility and serious violent crimes that are committed by minors have always captured the public interests and attention drawing juvenile offenders’ treatment to get tougher on crimes that have been popular politically for the past twenty years. This public fear of the juvenile court jurisdiction has resulted into some changes in the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. Since 1992, the executive and the legislative branch in 41 states has hence limited the jurisdiction of the cases that involve chronic offenders, violent and shifted these court cases from their rehabilitative tradition which have involved addressing offenders rather than the offences which has been committed toward a more punitive system which is focused on the offence itself. For instance, 14 states in the year 1990 had to amend their codes to clearly list public safety as the sole purpose of the juvenile justice system; the punishment is listed as either primary or one of the several purposes of the court system in 28 states. The most significant thing that has happened since 1992 is that all but 10 states have structured adult courts in a manner that they can be able to handle juvenile cases. In most of the instances when the minors are convicted in the a dult courts, it really posses a possibility that the minor may be sentenced to the prisons instead of being placed in juvenile facilities that offers rehabilitative programs. Even though the violent juvenile cases grab most of the interest and headlines from the media and tend to have the highest influence on the justice system, most of the juvenile courts handle less serious crimes. Mostly, the highest numbers of cases that are handled by most of the juvenile courts involve cases like vandalism, motor vehicle theft in which they mostly belong to their parents and larceny cases. In 1992, police made a lot of juvenile arrests and contrary to the perception of the public; the most serious charge was a property offence charge in the 57% of the total cases. Offences against persons like assault and robberies comprised of 215 of the total cases, disorder conduct which is a form of public order offence showed to be like 17% of the cases with the 155 being taken by the drug law violation. In spite of the young people being not disproportionately responsible for the most violent crimes, they always commit more than their share of property criminal offences. For instance in the year 1992, the youth aged between 10 to 17 years of age comprised 13 % of the US population and they were responsible for like the same percentage of their population of all the violent crimes which were committed in this year and they were responsible for more than 23% of the property crimes which is more than their proportion portion of their population. Purpose of the research Currently it has been more than 100th anniversary of these juvenile court approaches. This paper will provide an insight for the explanation of the cases that are handled by these courts along with the current trends and issues that have cropped up in these juvenile courts. The main goal of this research paper is to present an apparent description of these courts today and hence address the future challenges along with the recommendations to be adopted. This paper majorly addresses the court’s status and their ability to handle these cases along with the improvements that should be adopted for these courts to be able to partake their roles in the most appropriate manner. The research methodology In my data collection, I will employ both primary and secondary data methods of data collection. Primary methods Census- I will carry out census where I will talk to the many stakeholders and other involved associations and institutions although this method is somehow expensive because of the cost involved. Samples- I will sample out some of the involved people and stakeholders Observation- I will visit some of the juvenile courts to get the real state on the ground. The secondary sources of data collection Questionnaires- I will develop many questionnaires which I will use to get the information required to carry out my research. Surveys- through the questionnaires, I will sample out and send some surveys to the stakeholders and these specialized institutions. Books, web, magazines, journals and other online sources- I will use the already available written materials to get complete insights on this topic. In my data analysis, I will include the following methods of data analysis Content analyzes This is the most simple and widely employed method of data analysis. It can be defined as the systematic description of behavior which asks, who? Where and how? And what questions within a formulated set of rules so as to limit the effects of bias in analysis. It could be the most preferred technique which is employed to analyze semi-structured interviews and cognitive interview testing. Narrative analysis- I will employ narrative analysis to analyze data where I will focus on the people’s stories and how they think about the issue in question. Although I will not treat these stories as the true facts I highly employ them to get how people think and feel about these juvenile courts. 3. Grounded Theory This is the most standard and classical technique that is employed in analyzing social data. It uses hierarchical and systematic data set. It develops a set of inductively derived hypothesis that is grounded on the data. Triangulation In this method of data analysis I will combine both the quantitative and qualitative data analysis to come up with a precise data interpretation. Data presentation In my data presentation, I will employ many methods which would be very appropriate for this data. Frequency distribution table In this method I shall be focusing on the occurrence of a certain variable like a certain facility in the juvenile courts according to each state court system. Graphical methods Here I will try to focus on the relationship of variables in the court system. Charts These will be used to show the extent to which a certain variable has been employed in the courts. References Julian Mack, The Chancery Procedure in the Juvenile Court, in The Child, The Clinic, and the Court (1925), p. 310. Julian Mack, The Juvenile Court, 23 Harv.L.Rev. 104, 119-120 (1909).Shears, Legal Problems Peculiar to Childrens Courts, 48 A.B.A.J. 719, 720 (1962) January 2007 publication, California’s Criminal Justice system.Vitaly Friedman (2008) Data Visualization and Infographics in: Graphics, Monday Inspiration, January 14th, 2008. Lengler, Ralph; Lengler, Ralph. Periodic Table of Visualization Methods Source document

What Is Home Depot Commerce Essay

What Is Home Depot Commerce Essay Home Depot is the largest home center chain operating in 2,244 stores throughout the U.S., Mexico, Canada, and  China. Home Depot is considered to be the largest retailer of home improved goods, construction  products and services in the world. It  was founded by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank in Atlanta in 1979. The Home Depots proposition was to build home-improvement  warehouses, larger than any of their competitors facilities. The store inventory consists of about 40,000 different kinds of building materials, home improvement supplies, appliances and lawn and garden products for the needs of various projects. The Home Depot stores are always equipped with goods that are confined to a small area to match that areas specific market needs. www.homedepot.com is ranked on position 418 within .com and has 5,399 back links. The Site was launched at Tuesday, 04 August 1992. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE BUSINESS MODEL Homedepot.com follows the B2C i.e. Business to consumer model. In B2C transactions, online transactions are made between businesses and individual consumers. B2C E-Commerce involves electronic retailing or e-tailing. At homedepot.com customers can browse catalogs when they want, place an order and the product of service will be delivered directly to them.  It is an online version of the store where customers can shop any hour of day and night without leaving their home and office. The revenue model followed by homedepot.com is sales of goods. Within the e-tailer the type of model used by homedepot.com is Clicks and bricks. It is a business strategy or  business model  in  e-commerce  by which homedepot attempts to integrate both online and physical presences. This model makes it far easier for a homedepot.com to establish an online presence than it is for a start-up company to employ a successful pure dot.com strategy. By using this model homedepot developed certain advantages, such as: Leveraging their  core competency. Multiplying existing  supplier networks distribution channels. A lower cost of capital. THE MARKETPLACE The Home Depot has more than 1950 places across the United States, China, Canada and Mexico.  Home depot stores have an average area of about 105,000 square feet and around 23,000 square feet of area outside of greenery. Inventory consists of different kinds of building materials, home improvement supplies, appliances and lawn and garden products for all of your project needs. The Home Depots retail stores offer skilled customers, like person who can repair and remodel particular services. Through committed service provider desks in more than 1,900 stores, skilled customers have right to use the loyalty programs, a pro bid room to handle large customer orders with volume discounts, directship programs, credit programs and other specialty sales initiatives. Home Depot operates under four different business segments: MARKET STRATEGY The strategic factors that helped in the growth and popularity of home depot are related to quality of product, its price, advertising for the products, store capacity, competitors, and customers independency and happiness. Good quality products are offered by Home Depot like garden supplies, lawn installation services home improvement products, for these products are offered too. Home Depot introduced a trial product store format that presented approx. 32,000 more square feet of selling area, due to which the selection of products and services broadened, also it provided with a more appropriate layout than the long-established stores. Collection of complementary product categories via stores that were designed based on a design centre, which facilitated Home Depot in storing more than 40k products in a year. New stores were brought closer to existing ones by Home Depot via a clustering strategy. An advantage was created by following this strategy via increasing the blockage of entry to competitors reducing rush in the current stores. This strategy also permitted the organisation to enlarge its advertising distribution expenses along a greater store area. Customer Cultivation is regarded as one of the prime strategies implemented by Home Depot. It is the consequence of the prerequisite of elevated qualified and in-store clinics, supportive, professional clinics and employees. An additional approach is centering on widespread announcement. Two years ago, Home Depot spent 895 million dollars on advertisements which accounts for 9.5 % more than its 2007 spending of 817 million dollars. Widespread advertisements provided Home Depot with a personal potential not in favor of remaining companies in the same industry. CUSTOMER VALUE PROPOSITION Customer value proposition  consists of the sum total of benefits which the firm   promises a  customer  will receive in return for the customers associated payment. Customer value proposition is specifically targeted to attract new potential customers instead of employees, partners or supplies.  It is a statement that is designed to convince customers that one particular product or service will add more value or better solve a problem than others in its competitive set. home depot provides a broad selection of quality products and services. Home Depot has the widest range of products, which are rated below rival market. They hire trades professionals so that the customer gets expert advice. Because of the technical support and better customer service the store has shown results which are unmatched in the business. As it is said, it is the good incident that brings the customer once more and its the word of mouth that brings other new customers, hence, customer satisfaction is one of the most important policy followed by company. Home depot selects very customer friendly oriented people. To improve the customer experience following steps is taken up by the company: Stores are getting modernize so that the perception of home depot is improved before the customer. In order to improve the customer service, a 24 hour hotline is being introduced. In order to improve customer service at Home Depot stores a new employee incentive program has been developed. REVENUE MODEL Estimated 20,068,000 visits over last 30 days. This Google Page Rank 7/10 website has a Traffic Estimate rank of 288.   homedepot.com is worth  $3,759,165. This makes homedepot.com the  93  most valuable site on Stimator.com. Home Depots first quarter  in 2010 is $725 million, up from $514 million a year earlier. Net sales  for the period  increased 4.3%  to $16.9 billion. Similar store sales increased 4.8%  company-wide for the period. COMPETITORS In the home improvement industry the main competitor of home depot  is  Lowes Companies (LOW). Home Depot leads in terms of sales revenue which is $66.2 billion and that of Lowes is $47.2 billion. Other competitors of home depot are Home Improvement Stores, Sears, Menard Inc., True Value Company.   Home Depot also faces competition from smaller independent stores. Builders First Source (BLDR), a company that manufactures structural and related building products for new construction. The advantage which Home Depot has against the smaller competitors is that in case of an economic downfall, it will be prevailing and thus taking back the old customers which were attracted to these small competitors earlier. C:UserscompaqDesktopmenard.jpg C:UserscompaqDesktoplowes.jpg COMPARITIVE ADVANTAGE Home Depot is financially better placed than Sears and Lowes. Home Depot maintains its strong price positioning and improves customer service and product quality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of this reason home depot enjoys a competitive edge over Sears and lowes. The second competitive advantage for home depot is Menards products are perceived to be lower in quality than those of Home Depot even when the price for both are similar.  Ã‚  For the Quality of the products that it carries, Menards should not want to increase the price of its products. Another property that gives homedepot the competitive edge is differentiation. Home Depot has product differentiation as well as image differentiation. This provides a competitive edge over both Lowes and Sears. The Home Depot has essentially identified its two main market segments: The do-it-yourself (DIY) home improvement consumer and The professional business customer. CONCLUSION We have seen that how a b2c site (homedepot.com) operates. What is the business model behind the operation of home depot? It has helped customer to do shopping for the desired product by sitting at home/office and making payment on delivery by credit/debit card. The home depot is the market leader in the segment of home improvement retailing, much ahead of its competitors. The main reason of its competitive advantage is good quality, lowest prices and customer satisfaction. APPENDIX TABLE 1 DIRECT COMPETITOR COMPARISON homedepot Low PVT1 PVT2 Industry Market Cap: 47.47B 30.17B N/A N/A 30.17B Employees: 193,370 166,000 40,3001 3,0002 166.00K Quarterly Rev Growth 4.30% 4.70% N/A N/A 2.90% Revenue 66.86B 47.78B 7.90B1 2.01B2 47.78B Gross Margin 33.75% 34.80% N/A N/A 34.80% EBITDA 6.73B 4.98B N/A N/A 4.98B Operating Margin 7.38% 6.81% N/A N/A 7.47% Net Income 2.83B 1.78B N/A 64.20M2 N/A LOW  = Lowes Companies Inc. Pvt1  =  Menard, Inc.  (privately held) Pvt2  =  True Value Company  (privately held) Industry  = Home Improvement Stores 1  =  As of 2009  Ã‚  2  =  As of 2008  Ã‚   TABLE 2: Comparison of Major Warehouse Format Home Centers Store Attributes Attribute/Company HomeDepot HechingerHQ Builders SquareHomebase Store Count 174 30 144 73 Square Feet/Unit(000) 94 86 84 113 Sales/Square Foot $348.00 $224.00 $171.80 $169.90 FIG1 DAILY TRAFFIC TREND FOR homedepot.com FIG2 UNIQUE VISITORS FOR homedepot.com

King Lear :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

â€Å"...the error of age is to believe that experience is a substitute for intelligence.† (Lyman Bryson) In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, such an idea is explored. Lear is a King who is physically aged but as the play progresses, it becomes clear that he lacks the intelligence which usually accompanies it. The play is set in a time where the King was equal to God himself, he was set apart from the common man as somewhat of a transcended being. Shakespeare breaks this unspoken relationship through the events of his play. Lear’s rash decision to banish his loving daughter Cordelia and hand total power of his kingdom over to two his uncaring daughters, Goneril and Regan sets of a chain of events which send him on a downward spiral to become the basest of human beings. Shakespeare uses the characters of the Fool, Cordelia, Kent and Goneril as well as irony, foreshadowing, and diction to portray Lear as nothing more than an unseeing old human being. The Fool is a character in the play who is the embodiment of Lear’s conscience and through him, the audience is able to witness the folly of the King. His name bears quite a significant irony as throughout the play it is made apparent that it is the Fool who is the wiser. He states that, â€Å"this fellow banished two on’s daughters, and did the third a blessing against his will† (1,4,101-103) The Fool lays bare the folly Lear in not recognising the worth of a true daughter yet through his foolish act, he has done Cordelia good. In a way this irony of the Fool foreshows the future judgement of this judgemental monarch. In the play it is Cordelia who is banished and the other two who have blessings poured on them, but the Fool provides the audience with a different perspective on this matter; one, which is increasingly unapparent to the ailing King who is quick to continue his living in denial, stating that, â€Å"[All] This is nothing, Fool† (1,4 127) Shak espeare’s placement of the Fools as Lear’s conscience allows the audience to feel the emotions which the king should be experiencing. In the event of Cordelia’s banishing â€Å"the Fool hath much pinned away† (1,4,71-72) Shakespeare shows the Fool’s sadness to contrast with the apparent lack of some in the King. This also evokes audience empathy. Through the Fool Shakespeare is able to convey to the reader the apparent folly of a vain King and the enormity of his folly.

Galileo And The Telescope :: essays research papers

Galileo was not the person who invented the telescope, but he was the first one to use the telescope to study the heavens. He made many observations using the telescope that shocked the religious world. In this short essay, I will only focus on three observations and how an Aristotlean reacts to it. These observations played a very important role on the development of astronomy. The first object he observed was the moon. Through his observations he concluded that the moon’s surface was very irregular and imperfect. He saw that the moon’s surface had mountains and valleys. It also consists of many other irregular shapes. This was a very big contradiction to Aristotle’s theory. To Aristotleans the world was the center of the universe and that it was perfect. This showed us the holes in the celestial realm. It is not perfect like people believed it to be. If the moon had all of these imperfections, then any other member of the universe could also be this way. It also showed the Earth to be just a planet. Not the unique figure thought to be. It is not unique. In fact, it was regular because the moon also had the same properties. The second observation was the four moons of Jupiter. Galileo observed points of light that changed their positions with time around the Planet. These points he concluded were the four moons that orbit Jupiter. It showed that there were things in the heavens that Aristotle knew nothing about. The was not unique anymore because it wasn’t the only planet to have objects orbit it. And last but not least, Galileo saw that the Earth shines on the moon. It showed the Earth to be a little less celestial. The Earth can shine on another object like any regular object. It is not as special as initially thought to be. Aristotleans around the world did not want to accept these observations.

Delia Gives Into Evils Temptation Essay -- Sweat, Zora Neale Hurston

In the short story â€Å"Sweat,† Zora Neale Hurston describes the final months of marriage between Delia Jones and her husband Sykes. Delia’s hard work supports both her husband and their small home, but Sykes takes Delia’s earnings and spends as he pleases. He is also known within their Florida town for his extramarital affairs. Delia’s life is one of managed goodness, and Sykes is Delia’s opposite in all ways. In an attempt to drive Delia from their marriage, Sykes brings a large rattlesnake into their home. Although the snake ultimately ends the pair’s marriage, it is not in the manner Sykes had envisioned. Zora Neale Hurston’s tale depicts the classic struggle of good versus evil, but she also illustrates that evil is pervasive and tempting, leading good people to succumb to evil. Delia Jones is a churchgoing, hardworking woman who spends her entire week, beginning Sunday nights, washing the townspeople’s clothing. For fifteen years, Delia’s hard work has provided for her home, which she plans to have â€Å"for her old days† (Hurston 293). She and her husband Sykes are locked in a struggle over the home, which is Delia’s prized possession. Her â€Å"sweat†¦paid for this home,† and she has created life here by planting trees around the home (293). However, Delia’s plan to keep her home is compromised by her husband. Sykes promises his current lover, Bertha, that she â€Å" ‘kin have dat li’l ole house soon’s [he] git dat ‘oman outadere’ † (296). Hurston creates sympathy for Delia through this struggle. Sykes is the evil within the marriage, and Delia is the good counterpart. Although Delia is marked by â€Å"habitual meekness† (293), she stands up to Sykes one evening. After he tramples her sorted laundry and â€Å"step[s] roughly upon the whitest pile of ... ...sgressions against his wife, Delia must also face the consequences of her decision. It is here that the reader must decide Delia’s fate. Hurston illustrates Delia’s struggle throughout the story, and the reader’s sympathy for Delia increases. Both the mood and the tone of the story are very dark, and Hurston uses this to bear down on the reader, pushing the reader to ‘root’ for Delia. When the snake attacks Sykes, the reader feels triumphant for Delia and may believe that good has prevailed over evil. One must question if relishing in Delia’s victory implies that one would also give in to temptation as Delia did. Hurston poses the question to the reader to consider if he or she is strong enough to resist the temptation of evil. Works Cited Hurston, Zora Neale. â€Å"Sweat.† Backpack Literature. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Boston: Longman, 2010. 291-301. Print.

Qualitative Study on COPD Essay

This is a qualitative study conducted at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler as a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a lifestyle behavioral intervention to increase physical activity among patients with moderate to severe COPD. (Wortz, K. 2012) 54 patients of age 45 or older were randomly selected from April 2010 through January 2011 using a patient registry database with a coded diagnosis of COPD along with physician referrals. Data collection consisted of: baseline, demographic, clinical and self-management needs, smoking status, spirometry, 6-min walk distance, BMI, Obstruction, SOB, Exercise Capacity (BODE) index, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ); which includes 10 open ended questions and Geriatric Depression Scale. A sample of 47 interviews with the mean age of 68.4 years old, 53% male, 87% white were used in the analysis. 57.5% has moderate COPD, 31.9% sever COPD, and 10.6% very severe COPD. (Wortz, K. 2012) The results of this analysis suggest that the content of self-management support with COPD should focus on addressing patients’ fears associated with the uncertainty, progression, suffering of their disease, expectations about overcoming or replacing losses, their needs for improved health literacy and their desire for improved care. Attention to these areas may enhance patient self-efficacy and motivation to improve self management.

Certificate in Human Resource Practice Essay

Tutors: John Ashcroft and Suzanne Tyrrell Hand in date: 06/11/14 Weighting: 100% of module requirements (100% of learning outcomes). The CIPD Bank assignment contains the following information: The task The learning outcomes The assessment criteria. The format and word count, if appropriate, of the submission required. Submission. Please attach this declaration to the front of your completed assignment Except for ideas, passages and designs that have been properly acknowledged within the text, this assignment is all my own work. I understand University Centre at Blackburn College regulations regarding plagiarism and the possible consequences for me should I have deemed to have plagiarised. Your assignment may be submitted via ‘Turn It In’ automatic plagiarism software. Print your student name here: Signed†¦Ben Sutcliffe†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date: 05/11/14†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Submission: First 3HRC Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources Ben Sutcliffe – 97023393 05/11/2014 An Introduction to Workwear Outlet Workwear Outlet has been in its current location in Blackburn since September 2012. The new site was purchased due to rapid growth in the business and a need for larger premises. Purpose & Goals Our core purpose is to help keep people safe at work. Our primary goal is to make Workwear Outlet a great place to work and to grow the business to become a ?50 million business by 2025. The Organisation Workwear Outlet is a new venture by J&B Electric Powertools Ltd. It was opened in September 2012 in the current location in Blackburn. Work wear and PPE had been offered on the Powertooldirect.co.uk website since 2000 and slowly overtook the sale of power tools becoming the main focus of the business. Graham Heap, the Managing Director, is the son of John Heap who purchased the company in 1985 from the original owners Bancroft & Jagger who started the business in 1969. At Workwear Outlet we take pride in the knowledge and experience of our staff. This means we can offer all of our customers a complete solution to their work wear and safety needs. We offer our customers: Work wear to suit any industry or environment. Bespoke garments to fit any size. Personalization and corporate logo design. Embroidery, Vinyl Printing, Screen Printing & Direct to Garment Printing. Advice & guidance on the right kit for the job. A professional and efficient service. All the key brands and the best staff in the industry. Our Customers: Government funded bodies – NHS, HMP, Schools, Universities and Local Authorities etc. Large national companies – The Range, Rolls Royce, Silentnight and Travis Perkins etc. Smaller local companies – Builders, Hair Salons, Garages, Florists and Garden Centres etc. Man on the street – our busy retail shop and trade counter offer a personal touch. The External Environment As a business we need to be aware of external factors that can have either a positive or negative impact. Political Tax Interest Rates Europe/Single Currency/Sterling This has the ability to affect the bottom line of the company. The current rate of 0.5% means we can borrow and invest at lower rates than previous. Exchange rates can affect our profits when purchasing and selling in Europe. Economic General Economic Health Decline in Competition Unemployment The â€Å"double dip† recession meant many construction workers were laid off, we were forced to diversify to maintain profit levels. The economic problems of the last few years have forced several smaller competitors into administration. High levels of unemployment mean fewer companies with less staff buying less work wear and PPE. Social Emphasis on Safety Ageing Population Cultural Diversity Companies and individuals are finally realising that it’s not â€Å"soft† to wear and use protective equipment. We may need to look at our product portfolio to suit older workers. We need to manage diversity in the workplace to ensure we are an equal opportunities employer. Technological I.T. Systems Social Networks The Internet Changing technologies mean we need to stay current and up to date as the  majority of our business is done online. This gives us new and unique ways of keeping our customer up to date with new products. Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin . The internet gives us a platform to sell our products all over the world. Legal Legislation means more PPE has to be used Minimum Wage Equal Opportunities Legislation Increased sales opportunities. This has the ability to affect the bottom line of the company. Recent change to ?6.50/hour. Legislation has a direct impact on the processes and practices of the company. Environmental Waste Policy Chain of Custody Weather and Climate Currently all waste is recycled in accordance with government recommendations. Products can be traced back to manufacturers ensuring no child labor or unethical practices have been used in the production of goods. This can be an opportunity to supply work wear to people working in extreme environments. Key External Factors and the affect they have on our business Emphasis on Safety Over the past 20 years cultures have slowly changed to accept that wearing PPE is the norm. Previously there has been a culture of people thinking they did not need to wear safety boots and hi-visibility clothing. The building trade especially had a culture of dangerous practices that due to legislation and education have now been eradicated. Long gone are the days of sending the apprentice to the top of a scaffold without a safety line while carrying a hod laden with bricks! Legislation and changing attitudes  towards H&S have brought new and exciting opportunities and markets; this has allowed us to expand into new areas and increase sales and margin . Minimum Wage From October 1st 2014 the National Minimum Wage changed from ?6.19/hour to ?6.50/hour. As we employ a large number of minimum wage workers this has had an impact on the wage bill. This increased wage cost needs to be paid for by increasing sales and margin. By working closer to our customers and developing new customers we can increase turnover by offering additional services. These can include personalising work wear with company logos, consignment stock, offering bespoke services and finding new and more diverse markets. Australia and New Zealand are way behind the UK in terms of H&S legislation yet there are many UK nationals working in these countries. By developing this market we can offset the increased wage costs against the increase in sales. Social Networks As a company whose business is mainly online we were slow to embrace Social Networks. We initially feared that giving customers a platform to talk to each other could be damaging and that one negative customer could have the potential to lose us business. As social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Linkedin have grown in popularity we have now embraced this technology. We have actually found it an excellent and free way to promote special offers and to keep customer informed of changes to H&S legislation. Weather & Climate The weather and climate have a direct influence on our business. Many garments are seasonal. In the UK we see a clear shift in which products are being sold as the seasons change. We need to be ready for the seasonal changes and ensure we have the correct stock in the warehouse. As we also sell into Europe we need to be aware of the climates of different countries. The climate can also affect the supply of goods. Freak snowstorms, gales, floods etc. can all have an impact on our ability to receive deliveries and get goods out to our customers. We also need to be aware of the weather from a H&S point, decreased visibility and increased potential for slips and harm need to be properly managed through risk assessments. Structure of the Organisation Workwear Outlet is a family run firm with 22 members of staff working at the Blackburn site. Graham Heap is the Managing Director. He oversees the whole operation from the top down. Senior Managers are employed to run the relevant departments. Since opening in 2012 with 6 staff the company has grown to its current level. We are still recruiting sales and warehouse staff as we continue to grow. Ben Sutcliffe manages the sales, customer services and telesales staff, he also manages the sales executives. Ben has been with the company since March 2013 after ten years as a manager with Jewson builders merchant. He has overall responsibility for H.R. and is currently gaining qualifications from C.I.P.D. Paul Disley has been with the company for 11 years initially working at the Bolton site for Powertool Direct. Paul writes all the company software, maintains the webservers and manages all the I.T. functions for the business. Paul has been instrumental in setting up the telesales office and designing call monitoring software and databases to maximize efficiency. Scott Livesey and Zach Baig are recent recruits to Workwear Outlet. Both have joined as apprentices. Scott has joined on a warehousing apprenticeship and works picking, booking in and dispatching orders. He is supervised by the warehouse & procurement manager Jayne Rostron. Zach is currently undertaking a web design and programming apprenticeship and works closely with Paul Disley. Both Scott and Zach will be employed fulltime on satisfactory completion of their apprenticeships. All departments are linked and work closely together. The sales teams take orders and input them onto the system. The I.T. department feeds in the orders from the website. Standard orders are sent to the warehouse for picking and dispatch. Bespoke items and special orders are placed by procurement. Customer service informs customers about expected delivery times and potential issues. Personalised garments are prepared in our art department ready for dispatch. Accounts and payments are handled by accounts. Each function is interlinked and essential to our success. The structure of the business is changing. Due to rapid expansion managers are doing multiple roles. As we continue to grow new talent will be brought  in to manage specific departments. Culture of the Organisation Workwear Outlet has clear lines of management and responsibility but the overall atmosphere is informal the majority of the time. Staff are friendly to each other and grievances are uncommon. All lines of communication lead back to Graham Heap through the management team. This could be defined as a power culture. The main advantage of this is that decisions can be made quickly. Graham Heap is a charismatic leader and has the full support of the management team and staff. As we develop and mature as a company we are moving more towards a role culture.This will allow us to clearly define roles and procedures and as we grow will mean new employees have set policies and procedures to follow. This will make training easier as it will not be on an ad-hoc basis as previous. Different types of organizational culture can affect operations in several ways, these can include; Openness Initiative or Empowerment Internal Regulation External Regulation Honesty & Ethics Fun Commitment Management Style Training Diversity Workwear Outlet is fairly open in terms of staff being aware of any current issues facing the business. The staff are aware of how well we are doing financially and this has a positive effect on morale and productivity. Both the sales teams and warehouse staff have a hunger to be the best at what we do and to always improve on the past years performance. Being a family run  company we believe that the staff have a right to know how we are performing. Our aim is to be the best at what we do and by sharing our successes with the staff we believe it creates a positive environment. We are now a very diverse employer, from being a traditionally local employer of mainly white males we now employ 8 women and cover most ethnic and religious backgrounds. Not only does this make the workplace more interesting and culturally diverse but it also improves sales and productivity. By having Urdu and Punjabi speaking staff we are able to communicate better with customers whose first language is no t English. How Human Resources support the organization. Cost Savings HR can contribute to cost savings. One way is through sickness/absence management. If the cost of sickness can be reduced there is potentially a large saving to be made. This has a direct impact on the bottom line and profitability of the company. By managing sickness and absence in a fair way it ensures everyone works together and there is no bad feeling when a colleague is genuinely ill. Helping manage staff fairly When under pressure it can be hard for managers to recognise the need to treat their staff fairly. HR can provide support and guidance to ensure the company operates in a fair and legal way and is not open to tribunal action. We aim to be a fair and fun place to work where the employees want to work and stay. We do not want a high turnover of staff as we believe this is counterproductive to growth and success. As we invest time and money in training our staff we want them to work for us and not the competition. Helping with change HR can support the change management process by working closely with senior management. This can involve changes in job descriptions and working closely with the staff involved. Although we have never been in a position to make anyone redundant if the case ever arose HR would have an important role to play in advising management on policies and legalities and in calculating any final pay and settlements. HR can provide any paperwork and support to any changes relating to staff. How Human Resources Support Line Managers Justifying Management Actions All decisions made by managers that affect staff need to be communicated in a clear and understandable way. HR can also assist line managers in the actual decision making process to ensure the actions are fair and legal. Dealing with Employees problems HR can provide a neutral role in resolving any employee grievances. Although line managers can deal with the majority of grievances sometimes HR need to become involved if legal advice or guidance is required. Employee problems such as early retirement, bereavement and redundancy will all be handled by HR. Advisory Role One of the main functions of HR is to advise line managers. HR staff have specialist knowledge and can provide guidelines for line managers to work within. Two very important areas in which advice is given are disciplinary procedures and employment law. We look forward to you joining our team and being part of Workwear Outlet

Photo Radar Technology Essay

Speeding vehicles passing through school zones and neighborhoods compromises the safety and livability of an individual. Most of the time it poses threat to children playing outdoor, it makes bicycling, walking, and even driving dangerous to all. Through the years speed enforcement was implemented to regulate speeding vehicles. One of the oldest methods was the time distance method wherein three police officers were posted in three dummy tree trunks at a one mile interval and used stop watch to monitor the speed of a vehicle. But through the advent of technology the use of cameras such as speed, red-light, bus lane, toll- booth, level crossing, and congestion charge cameras; a vehicle detection system such as piezo-electric strips, laser, optical character recognition, and Doppler radar, and integrated with the process of implementing state rules and regulations in regulating speed limit provides a more effective means of implementing speed enforcement. The photo radar is an automated photographic speed enforcement technology that has the capability of identifying vehicles above a speed limit using a camera and detector equipment. The unit is a combination of a high speed camera with a flash unit and a low powered narrow beam Doppler antenna which is aimed across the road together with electronic controls and computers to detect, photograph, and record the time, date, speed, and location of the vehicles exceeding a determined speed limit. It can photograph the face of the driver and the license plate at the front side if the unit is intended or deployed at the oncoming traffic and the license plate at the rear side if deployed at the receding flow. The license number will be extracted from the photograph and the registered owner will receive a citation usually by mail within six working days and the violator has to respond within 30 days upon receiving. The recipient has three courses of actions to consider, either pay the fine, attend a court hearing, or file a certificate of innocence. The system starts to work due to the triggering of the radar sensor which causes the high speed cameras to take photographs. In a simple explanation, radar is considered a device that utilizes electromagnetic waves to be able to identify the direction, location, and speed of both in motion or a fixed object. Radio waves are being emitted at the transmitter part and will be reflected by the target. It will then be received by a receiver commonly being located together with the transmitter. The received or the returned radio signal is amplified due to its weak signal thus enabling the radar to detect specific objects at ranges where sound or visible light are too weak to be detected. If a solid object exists in air or vacuum, electromagnetic waves reflect or scatter between the surrounding and the object since this wave reflects in a very large change in the dielectric or diamagnetic constant and also in a change in the atomic density. This phenomenon applies to metal and carbon fiber wherein its electrical conductivity makes radar well suited for the detection of ships, aircrafts, and vehicles. The Doppler radar is one type of radar that operates in-line with the principle of Doppler Effect wherein it is the change in the wavelength or in the frequency of a wave being perceived or observed relative to the motion of the source of the wave. The equipment measures accurately the target’s radial velocity through the shifting of the received frequency up and down by means of the directional beam of the antenna. For instance the moving target is a car and as it recedes from the source, the speed of the car can be measured by firing a beam towards it. The beam is in the form of a radio frequency signal and each wave has to travel in succession to be able to reach the car before it can be reflected and re-detected by the source. As the wavelength increases, the gap between each wave also increases due to the waves moving further. Consequently if the car is approaching, the wavelength will be lesser and also the gap. In either way, computations from the Doppler Effect will determine accurately the velocity of the car. Put it analogously if a person catches a baseball every second with constant velocity, the balls will be received frequently if the thrower is moving towards and less frequent if the thrower is moving away from the catcher. Therefore the affected part is the wavelength and the perceived frequency. Doppler Effect is only capable of determining the speed of the target relative along the line of sight of the target and the radar; furthermore any velocity perpendicular to this line sight will not be determined. Doppler radars may be classified as of a continuous wave type, coherent pulse type, and frequency modulated. Continuous wave radar operates by sending out a known frequency of very pure signal. Though it cannot determine the range of the target, it is ideal in determining the target velocity’s radial component. It is commonly used in traffic enforcement wherein the range is not considered and a quick and accurate measurement of the speed of the vehicle is important. Coherent pulsed or phase synchronized is another way of measuring the speed of an object. Due to Doppler Effect, the returned signal emanating from the target are being shifted away from the base frequency thus enabling the speed of the target relative to the radar be calculated. The Frequency modulated- Continuous wave Doppler radar is capable of sweeping the frequency of the transmitter to determine and encode the range. The range rate is a velocity accurately measured by the combination of the Doppler processing to pulse radars. A target cannot be detected if the range rate reflects a frequency almost near to the frequency of the transmitter and if the target is moving tangentially to the radar beam. Pulse Doppler radar is a combination of a high velocity and long range measurement capabilities. It uses a medium to high pulse repetition frequency usually in a 30 KHz interval. This allows the precise measurement of velocity in high resolution and detection of speeding targets. Speed Cameras consists of a flash unit and is capable of taking photographs of speeding vehicles once triggered by the radar sensor. The time, date, speed, and location are also recorded together with the photo. Compared to other methods of traffic enforcement, it does not require motorists to pull over once the violation is committed. Most of the time speed cameras are installed or deployed either mobile or fixed. If deployed mobile, it is usually attached to the police officers vehicle and roams around various places. Fixed cameras are installed along specific roadway places. Photo radar differs slightly from conventional radar due to the beam width. The width of the beam of a photo radar across a roadway is narrower compared to the width of the conventional radar. This enables the detection to be more specific one vehicle at a time. In the case if there are more vehicles in the beam, the camera will not be triggered to take photographs as seen on the diagram below.