Refutation: The Story of Bigger Thomas ( Native Son ) :: essays research papers

     In Darryl Pinckneys discerning critical essay, Richard Wright The paranormal History of a subjective password, Pinckney states that all of Wrights books contain the themes of violence, inhumanity, rage, and fear. Wright writes some these themes because he expresses, in his books, his convictions about his own struggles with racial oppression, the brutal realities of his previous(predicate) life. Pinckney claims that Wrights works be unique for Wrights works did not attempt to incite whites to acknowledge blacks. Wright does not write to preach that blacks are equal to whites. The characters in Wrights works, including bigger Thomas from Native Son, are not all pure in heart the characters have psychological burdens and act upon their burdens. For instance, bigger Thomas, long under racial oppression, accidentally suffocates bloody shame Dalton in her room for fear that he will be discriminated against and supercharged with the rape of Mary Dalton. Al so, according to Pinckney, although the characters of Wrights books are under these psychological burdens, they always have futile hopes and desires. At the end of Native Son, Bigger is enlightened by the way his lawyer Max treats him, with the respect of a human being. Bigger then desires nothing but to live, but he has been sentenced to death.Although Pinckney expresses many strong points in his critical essay, he also reveals gutless points. For slip, Pinckney mentions that Wright is neither a black leader such as Malcolm X nor a writer with any strong background in American literature, yet Pinckney implicitly states that Wright is a great writer and that one moldiness analyze his past to understand how he is a great writer. In that perspective, he also commends Wrights book, Native Son. He statesNative Son is unmatched in its powerIt is not true as Baldwin claims that Bigger Thomas, the doomed, frustrated black boy, is just another stereotypeextreme in his wish to injure himse lf and do injury to othersPinckney praises Native Son as a powerful intellectual book that deals with issues of racism and oppression. He says explicitly that it is the most powerful book, but it is unclear what domain of books Pinckney is comparing Native Son with. Pinckney refutes James Baldwins statement about Native Son, state that Bigger Thomas is not a mere stereotype, but an example of a stressed black boy of the racially segregated American society during the 1930s. It is true that Bigger Thomas is a victim of a racially segregated society.

Arthur Conan Doyle :: essays research papers

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was more than than just an author. He was a knight, a soldier, a spiritualist, a whaler, a doctor, a journalist, and most of all, he was adventurous. He was not the reticent type of person, so he enjoyed expressing himself. Arthur Conan Doyle was born on the 22nd of whitethorn 1859 in Picardy Place, Edinburgh. The second child of Charles Altamont and bloody shame Foley, he was thought t have been named afterwards the legendary medieval king, Arthur, of the Round Table. Doyle was also named after his granduncle, Michael Edward Conan. He was a descendant of the Irish, and was of the Roman Catholic religion. Doyle had a grandfather, backside Doyle. He was political cartoonist, who, financially supported the family.1 Doyle had a pretty rough out home life because his father was an alcoholic. As he grew up, Doyle had to take more of the responsibilities around the house into his own hands, because his father was either too worried or drunk to fulfill his dail y work at home. Doyles mother, Mary Foley, was a homemaker who took care of her son Arthur and his brothers and sisters, and also worked and cleaned the house everyday.2 Doyles beforehand(predicate) education started when he was most seven years old. His mother dog-tired lots of time reading with him and tutoring him, because this is what she thought he needed to catch a cultured gentleman. When Doyle was ten years old he leftfield home and went to the Jesuit preparative take aim named Hodder House. This was a boarding school for young boys. Arthur hated this school. Doyle once stated that Hodder House "was a curt more pleasant than being confined in a prison." man attending Hodder House, he studied chemistry, poetry, geometry, arithmetic, and grammar. After his experiences at Jesuit Preparatory school, he left and applied for Stonyhurst Academy. Doyle was accepted for enrollment into Stonyhurst and remained there for about five more years. While at Stonyhurst, Doyl e, who excelled in cricket, demonstrated around very early signs of literary talent. At the academy, he became quite neat at telling stories and reading aloud.3 Doyle started reading his old darling books from his childhood. His favorite childhood writer was Mayne Reid, who wrote The Scalp Hunters. This was his favorite book while he was progressing through life.4 During his last year before attending medical school, Doyle went to Feldkirch, a school in Austria.

Qualitative Study on COPD Essay

This is a qualitative written report conducted at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler as a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a lifestyle behavioral intervention to increase physical activity among patients with moderate to severe COPD. (Wortz, K. 2012)54 patients of age 45 or older were randomly selected from April 2010 through January 2011 apply a patient registry database with a coded diagnosis of COPD along with doctor referrals. Data collection consisted of baseline, demographic, clinical and self-management needs, smoking status, spirometry, 6-min walk distance, BMI, Obstruction, SOB, Exercise susceptibility (BODE) index, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) which includes 10 open ended questions and Geriatric slump Scale. A sample of 47 interviews with the mean age of 68.4 years old, 53% male, 87% white were used in the analysis. 57.5% has moderate COPD, 31.9% sever COPD, and 10.6% actually severe COPD. (Wortz, K. 2012)Th e results of this analysis suggest that the content of self-management support with COPD should focus on addressing patients fears associated with the uncertainty, progression, suffering of their disease, expectations about overcoming or replacing losses, their needs for improved wellness literacy and their desire for improved care. Attention to these areas may enhance patient self-efficacy and motif to improve self management.

Beginning The Audit Report Essay

I would like to thank you for vesting your confederation and trust in our firm to be your canvasors. In this letter an explanation of the general c each(prenominal) and the answer of our scrutinise leave be defined. This is only an educational purpose letter and is not an parallelism.THE AUDIT PROCESSAn audit is an query and review of companies financial statements. The examination is performed with a view to portray an opinion of whether the companies financial statements prove a true and fair statues of the comp both. Auditing the moivities of the fraternity volition be planned, executed by rights and thoroughly reviewed to assure that all statements are in compliance with laws and regulations. The next is the surgical procedure as to which our firm bequeath be conducting the auditWe save a strict lymph glandele screening process, once the screening process of the company is concluded and confirms that youre company is an acceptable customer we go out proce ed with the next step in the process.Once the screening process is passed we might need to contact the companies antecedent attendee and have agree consent from them to proceed. If the previous auditor does not consent or if your company does not allow us authority to contact he previous audit our firm go out not perform the audit in your company.After all consents have been curbn thither go forth be an audit engagement letter that testament be issued to your company, which would represent the agreement between your company and our firm. The agreement would give the fundamental basic terms of the way the audit will be performed and what expectations of the firm and company will be.Once your company receives the engagement letter, all data will be equanimous from your company and the environment. The information collected will allow us to identify problem areas from prior audits.When all data is ga thered we will complete a risk assessment of the company so that the take up a udit approach whitethorn be selected.For low risk companies we may test controls to analyze whether or not the companies internal controls are functioning followed by a smaller set of substantive testing.If the company is mellowed risk your internal controls are weak, we would will rely heavily on substantive testing in order to make sure that there is no misstatements in the companies accounts.Whichever approach is chosen the analytical process during unalike parts of the audit will be the same.Once the main acidulate is completed we will review the audited work and bring forth any issues to you that have risen from the audit work.When the issues are resolved (if any), the audit announce will be issued. This would conclude our audit process on the companies accounts and statements for the year. machine-accessible you will find other documents which will give you a break up understanding of the audit process. enliven if you have any questions please spirit let loose to writ e to us.Thank you,The auditors._Attachments_Engagement checklistEngagement letterTimeframes for the auditENGAGEMENT CHECKLISTAUDITYES/NOIntroductory letter sent to clientScreening process of client completeFirst meeting with client completeGeneral issues were discussed with clientConsent to contact previous auditor requestedDetailed meeting with client discussing engagement terms held earn of engagement sent to clientChanges to scope made (if any)Letter current by client and acceptedAudit timetable copy sent to clientENGAGEMENT LETTERToDirectors of Apollo Shoes.This letter serves as representation that we will act as auditors for Apollo Shoes, therefore responsibility of the company and our firm in all respected areas of the audit.MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTSResponsibility of preparation and blameless presentation of the financial statements in accordance with IFRS and SFAS will be held by management. The respected responsibility includesAppropriate accountin g policies should be selected and applied subjective controls relevant to the preparing and presenting financial statements should be designed and implemented. Financial reports should be free from misstatements.Accounting estimates should be made to a reasonable and circumstantial amount of money(Apra, 2009).AUDITORS RESPONSIBILITYOur firms responsibility is to give the company an opinion on the financial statements that are presented to us establish on our audit findings. We will review all data collected and ascertain that information and work is in compliance with statutes, regulations, GAAP, SFAS, and IFRS. We will withal ascertain that the data is in compliance with the code of ethics for sea captain auditors (Apra, 2009).Audit will include the review and examination of all figures and facts on a test innovation. Due to the nature of the test there may still be a risk that some misstatements will go undiscovered. In order to reduce risk we encourage and need Apollo to pro pose and make necessary arrangements relating to the execution of the audit. Our firm will require free access to all records, documentation and all information requested by our firm. Any representation that the company makes in connection to the audit will be expected to be confirmed and in writing.When the firm feels that there is sufficient work reviewed and completed by the auditors to establish an opinion, the firm will issue and audit report. The report will be given to the company if all issues and circumstances brought forth by the auditors is resolved by the company. lean AND OTHER ISSUESThe firms fee will be charged on a fixed amount of $12,000 plus an spare hourly wage found on the number of hours worked by the firms staff on your companies audit engagement. This additional fee will vary depending on the level of seniority the individual has and time spent. Our firm will issue a management letter, which will focus on the companies weaknesses in the internal control sy stem, which arose from the audit. This letter is a professional courtesy letter and is not a part of the audit.Please sign this letter and send it back to us. Once signed, this letter will represent the confirmation of the terms of engagement. This letter will remain powerful until the letter is superseded, canceled or amended.Sincerely,AuditorsOn behalf of directorsSignature __________________________________TIMEFRAMES FOR THE AUDITAUDIT view COMPLETEDDATE REVIEWEDGathering of knowledge about clientindustriousness statsProduct rangeMarkets operatedKey customersKey suppliersCompetitorsRisk assessmentinitial analytical proceduresKey evaluation of audit approachSelection basis of samples testing receivablesTesting and checking inventoryTesting payablesTesting long-term liabilitiesTesting capital and other shareholders fundsTesting and verifying non-current assetsVerification of hard cash and bank detailsFinal analytical reviewReview of positioning balance sheet eventsApplication of accounting standardsAudit finalization field of study of audit reportReferencesArens, A.A., Elder, R.J., & Beasley, M.S. (2012). _Auditing and Assurance Services_ (14thed.). Upper Saddle River , NJ Prentice Hall.FASB. (2014).Apra. (2009). _Auditor Report._ Retrieved from http//www.apra.gov.au/Superannuation/upload/AuditReport_Vn2-Sept.pdf

Br and Haagendaz

BaskinI) localise Market 1) Haagen-Dazs Haagen-Dazs is taking the excellent glass option line the accept target consumers argon the youngers who are fashionable and in the income pyramid peak. (yc2000, 2008) 2) Baskin-Robbins The patriarchal target market of Baskin Robbins is comprised of high middle (Rs. 150 000 to 200 000) and higher upper (Rs. 200 000 above) income professionals and families with toddlers. The secondary segment of Baskin Robbins target market is serene of teenagers, young adults and students (School and university). II) Point-of-difference ) Haagen-Dazs Haagen-Dazs wins in the segments and grasp of the aim market. Each time to entered in new market, Haagen-Dazs will pull back careful analysis of the domestic consumers mind, this provides great assistance for marketing and branding.Meanwhile, Haagen-Dazs cooperate with many upscale restaurants, to let Haagen-Dazs ice cream printed on smooth these advanced restaurant menu. In terms of competition, for the re ason why Haagen-Dazs maintain excellent results in the red competition is because it not only represents a product, it also stands for a lifestyle. ) Baskin-Robbins Baskin-Robbins is the feel champion of the world. Each month, the Baskin-Robbins team has produces a new ice cream flavor. And it focuses on customer choice. And Baskin-Robbins has the best ice cream cakes. They have a thick layer of cake and a layer of ice cream. The cereal of the icing as it melts, the slight crunch of the cake and the way the ice cream melts into the cake where they meet. Plus they have those figurines on top.Baskin-Robbins has popularized the practice of offering free tastes on miniature pink spoons to customers dazzled by its pick of flavors. Its pink spoon has become a veritable cultural icon. (wejdani, 2011) III) Point-of-Parity 5) Haagen-Dazs every last(predicate) the fruit for Haagen-Dazss product is pasteurized, which kills all of the bad bacteria. And all of the Haagen-Dazs water ice pro ducts are nonfat, with the exception of chocolate sorbet. Haagen-Dazs products contributenot be refrozen after theyve thawed, because Haagen-Dazs products were made in the most natural way possible.Also Haagen-Dazs products should not be refrozen if thawed. Thawing and refreezing can create large ice crystals and cause undesirable gritty textures or diminished quality. 6) Baskin-Robbins Most of Baskin-Robbins products are low fat and contain vitamins. They are passionate about offering their guests delicious products they will enjoy, giving them draw of menu options, and providing accurate nutrition information so they can make the best choices for themselves.From the materials Baskin-Robbins use, to the way they construct and operate their stores, they are committed to adopting better, more(prenominal) sustainable approaches whenever possible. (CSR Report, 2010) References (2008, 11) Haagen-Daz. Marketing Analysis. Retrieved from http//www. studymode. com/essays/Haagen-Daz-Marke ting-Analysis-183072. html (2011, 03) Baskin Robbins. Retrieved from http//www. studymode. com/essays/Baskin-Robbins-638496. html

Are You Getting Employee Benefits? Essay

are your employee benefits self-aggrandising you the payback you deserve in increased employee appreciation and gratification? Chances are, your employee benefits are not. On average, validations spend 41 cents for employee benefits for every dollar of payroll. Thats 29% of the total employee compensation package. Research reported in the journal, force out Psychology, suggests that employees only understand and appreciate between 31 and 68% of the represent or mart regard as of the employee benefits they receive.In fact, the most recent information indicates that employers are spending 43% of total pay on types of employee benefits.Employees carp at their comprehensive set of employee benefits for many reasons including employers communicate the value of employee benefits poorly, the employees have pocket-sized or no choice in employee benefits packages or options, and the employees misunderstand the market value of their employee benefits.Maximize the Value of Employee Ben efits ExpendituresEmployers can overcome these factors by allowing employees to engender choices about the types of employee benefits and by providing lots of information. You can jump start the raising process by providing paycheck inserts that detail your cost for each employee benefit. other(a) ways to get employees to think about the value of their employee benefits include synergetic computer quizzes, employee benefits fairs, teleph star hot lines, workplace posters and video tapes or television set discussing employee benefits.Firms that wish to maximize the value of their employee benefits expenditures need to survey their employees to ask them the types of employee benefits that they value and how much they value each type. Employee benefits surveys or focus groups are heavy first steps in understanding employee preferences for types of benefits. Relevant questions about the desire types of employee benefits might include the following.What types of employee benefits a re most important to you? If you could choose one new type of employee benefit, what would it be? If you were given X dollars for employee benefits, how would you spend them? critical review research about the cost of employee benefits that employees desire can help you reckon which programs will provide the most bang for the buck. On the basis of the selective information developed, you can adapt your employee benefits offerings or provide choices about types of employee benefits that are ordered with organizational objectives such as employee retention or performance.Consider Types of Employee BenefitsThe phase of employee benefits offered today is immense. Some employee benefits, such as health insurance and retirement benefits, are almost institutionalized or expected in the fall in States.However, other employee benefits are not and these are the types of employee benefits that set companies apart. Organizational set are often manifest in the types of employee benefits o rganizations offer. Thus, the employee benefits help to establish an organizations positive reputation as an employer of choice in the marketplace.So, isnt it about time to reconsider the employee benefits package that your company offers? Following is a long list of the types of employee benefits that are offered across hundreds of U.S. firms. The cost of these employee benefits varies, as do employee and employer perceptions about the value the employee benefits deliver.The key for organizations looking for a competitive edge, by the types of employee benefits, they offer, is to determine what employee benefits you can provide that are most valued and profitable to your employees. Hopefully, these employee benefits will approach a 11 cost to perceive benefit ratio. Types of Employee BenefitsFollowing are samples of the employee benefits that are offered across many organizations. usance this list of employee benefits to think creatively about your current employee benefits pac kage. Are your employee benefits giving you the competitive edge in attracting and keeping the best employees? Are your employee benefits component you to create a workplace in which employees are motivated, happy and arable?If not, use this list to determine the types of employee benefits that you may want to consider providing. Youre in competition with the best employers for the best employees. These types of benefits will attract and prevent your best talent.

Differences Between PR and Advertising

Public relations is planned and conducted in a business-like way. PR deals with many different groups of people known as human beingss and relates to whole the communications of total organization. Its not a form of advertising, its mark is to tell not selling point of intersection yet it is emboldening a role of spreading knowledge about a new product or help, propounding and educating people,and creating apprehension to the prescribed objectives.Sometimes, it is also the beginning to play an important brand- pulping role. However, advertising is a form of communication that is intended to allure the target market to obtain or take some actions upon products,ideas or services. Its mainly presents the most persuasive selling message to the public by using attractive layout,colourful illustration,creative scriptwriting skill,and themed video-making or copy platform in an advertisement. Thus,it is higher cost than PR.Besides, advertising didnt build up market knowledge about the new and unknown product or service to the public while PR does. For instance, a come with pays for the advertisement infinite about its latest product or service so that the company can creative control what goes into the advertisement and how long the advertisement runs for. It could be design become more attractive to fascinate buyers to buy it. And it provide be bringing the hard-selling message to motivate market buyers with using those hum word as Act nowBuy this product to purchase it. Whereas, the PR for the company will create understanding through knowledge, inform its own exclusive products or services to the public clearly and it helps to build up market knowledge as well. Then,those buyers would be more understanding about the company brand than just knowing their products by its encase or advertisement. Yet, the company has no control on how the media presents,must it writing in a no-nonsense news format and the press would only be released once.

Jones Case Study

Jones Case Study Scenario 1 Since it seems same(p) the Jones argon set on having a family and that family is important to them this scenario will focus to a greater extent on what could be best for them to do to take shape sure their family life-time is st competent. In this scenario it seems to me that Jim needs to pay back a production line closer to floor that maybe works him a little little. He has stated that he would like to go by more than time with his son and that could be achieved by working closer to stand. The commute itself would save him to the highest degree 7 hours periodical that he could drop down with his child.Jim has similarly mentioned that his job isnt particularly elicit so this qualification be his chance to go after some matter he likes more while giving him more time at dental plate. Since his married woman makes more money it might not be bad if he took a little pay cut as well in order to accomplish his goals. As far as Lisa goes if hav ing a family is rattling a main priority for them she may not want to meet the job in Atlanta. She already has a job that makes instead a bit and a operate to Atlanta would only mean more work and plausibly would mean that they wouldnt be able to acquire another child for a couple of years. as well as moving to a bigger city will withal mean that they will progress to to husking new child cargon which may cost more, another nucleotide which will cost more and Jim will have to unquestionably find another job which could put a strain on the wedding party if he is unsuccessful or if he is making considerably less that she is. I see the best outcome with this scenario if Jim can find a job closer to home in order to spend more time with his son and also find a change of footstep with his job. Lisa would need to stick with her current position in order to make having a bigger family more attainable for the moment.Scenario 2 If Jim and Lisa put a priority on being monetaryly secure and more so value Lisas career then these are some options they might consider. First off Lisa would definitely need to take the promotion and they would move to Atlanta. This would be great because they would definitely have enough money for their home as well as childcare. They would also have more financial security and would be better able to save for things like their kids commandment and retirement since Lisa is now making more money than both of them were combined.If Jim also found another job they would be very secure financially and potentially with the move it might open up more job options for Jim and he may find something that he enjoys more. Moving to a bigger city also opens up the options for better childcare and better instruction for their children in the future should their family grow. However as mentioned in the last scenario this may put a strain on the marriage if Jim is unsuccessful in finding another job. Also this new job for Lisa will probably mea n more hours at work and less time with the family.It will probably also mean not having another child for quite sometime and maybe never depending on what her new roles are at her job. The family might definitely have to be put on the backburner for a little while as the transition occurs. Scenario 3 This scenario would be kind-hearted of an extreme mix of the two previous scenarios. Since Jim has stated that he wants to spend more time with their son he could possibly become a bide at home dad. Lisa could take the job in Atlanta, which would definitely make more than enough money to support a family of threesome especially since they could cut childcare costs.Some cons to this situation however would be that they would have to overcome the social stigma of having the wife work and the dad stay at home. That would be the biggest challenge in my opinion. Especially if Jim started to feel like his worth had been diminished. This could definitely put a strain on the marriage. Also Lisa would have to deal with turning over her motherly duties somewhat and spend less time with the family. She would also probably not be able to have kids anytime soon as well precisely if they decided to at least this way she wouldnt have to take as a megabucks time off since Jim would be home tending to the new child.Jim could also start up some type of business he could travel by at home. This would allow him to feel like he is contri entirelying to the family income but also spend time with the kids. Reflection This assignment is a easily preparation for big decisions that we all make in our lives. One thing that it shows is that at that place are many possible solutions to any problem and that we moldiness look at the risks and rewards with each and decides which is best for our own unique family situation. These decisions would be much easier for a family with no children vs. family that already has 3 or 4 kids. If my wife and I were presented with the same situation I would esteem that we would attach to scenario 1 the closest since family is most important to us. Neither of us are really looking to make a set of money and for myself I wouldnt mind being a stay at home dad. My wife may object but I love kids and spending time with them and if my wife was offered a job that paid a lot of money, enough to support a family, and it was something that she wanted to do and was passionate intimately I would like to think that I would support her in doing that.Every family is dissimilar though and needs to meet different needs so in that respect is no wrong or right way to go about this. I personally believe that family should always come first but that doesnt necessarily mean that you have to spend a lot of time with them. I think it is important though that you are there for your spouse or your kids when they need you and that you are there to support them in the things that they do. If they feel your love and support I dont think it matters ho w many hours you work or how much money you make.

Management – Swot Analysis (on Maker Studios of Youtube)

The Assignment (Question) Management paradigm today is tot everyy most the contingency or situational approach based on the ever ever-changing vocation milieu. Organizations are invariantly affected by the external environment and must adapt or influence the environment in tell a segment to be expeditious and effective. Choose any international or local anesthetic MNC or SME. Make a SWOT analysis of this organization and exempt how it is affected by the external environment. Write on how this organization derriere utilize the 4 functions of caution in order for it to be efficient and effective. Include conclusion and recommendations.You must use terms found indoors the study of counsel and are encouraged to look up several(a) textbooks and journals to induce these terms and to gain additional k directlyledge on management done exploration. Introduction of the caller-out If you were to be familiar with the functions of Youtube and confirm been surfboard the site for quite a while, you might birth heard of the federation named explicater Studios quite a bit. This in high spirits society consists of major Youtube celebrities like ShayCarl, LisaNova, KassemG, iJustine and all the same the top subscribed Youtube heart and soul maker, RayWilliamJohnson.To the auditory sense who uses Youtube for opposite functions some(prenominal)(prenominal) as how-to videos or music videos of their favourite stars, they might wonder, what does this caller-up actually do? On the other hand, to nation who have shown much interest into cleansing mainstream television programmes with profit finished Youtube would understand the major functions of Maker Studios. Maker Studios specifically is talented in creating videos of the two widely accepted writing styles japery and unison. They give rise paintinging sets, music studios, blue jet screen areas and counterbalance an edit office for their employees in Venice, California and the upcoming youth ful York City branch.As quoted from their website, it was mentioned that they contact 70 million subscribers and 650 million monthly views across more than four hundred contains (Cited http//www. makerstudios. com/about/ ) and and then is one of the Youtube Partner Channels in the Internet Media Business in the States aside Vevo, the top partnership have a bun in the oven with more than 59, 709 thousand unique views in the year 2011 after generating everywhere 844 million videos in the site itself according to Will Richmond on the 22nd of August 2011 on videonuze. com. (Cited http//videonuze. com/article/comscore-vevo-is-top-youtube-partner-channel-by-far) SWOT Analysis of the company Analysis Strength The strengths of Maker Studios is such(prenominal)(prenominal) that they gather all the talents throughout the net income media and help them make their videos and find sponsorships and viewing audiencehip for their creations and so allowing slew to satisfy their dream s yet non having to worry about making a living. As quoted from one of their investments portfolio in greycroftpartners. om, the company has developed unique insights into what kind of center springs best with YouTube audiences and how to cross-promote and move audiences around its network (cited http//www. greycroftpartners. com/2011/04/maker-studios/), it thus support the efficiency in ancestral up with the constantly shifting trends of the network and intelligence in hiring talents into the company in its complicated business heavens which attempts to forge deep connection with audiences all everyplace the globe. Cited http//www. hollywoodreporter. com/lists/maker-studios-280389) Weakness An obvious weakness of the company is such that they have limited branches (Venice and upcoming New York) reaching out to the meat creators online thus only able to work with people in certain areas of the States. Another is that there might be a high possibility of the competitors of this internet business catching up on the innovations that the company could have been roducing as there arent firing to be any drastic programming changes &8212 this is about expanding on existing success, as quoted from former Disneys Digital Divisions Executive now Chief Programming polish officer of Maker, Chris Williams on variety. com. (Cited http//www. variety. com/article/VR1118052288) Opportunities The internet fellowship is clearting medium-larger day by day and having Hollywood catching their eye on the industrys productions once in a while is oerly creating more viewership for the audiences all over the world.For example, there are artistes looking for help from the Maker productions for causes which they hope to help and thus film videos like Jane Lynch (popular from Glee series) and St flat Tyler in ShayCarls video in attempt to Save The Arts (cited http//www. youtube. com/ con? v=IKzUZ7KvAnI=UU77WzpPRrYr0W5oeFjVIqwQ=1=plcp) or even worldness on the impudents like ShayCarls fourth child, most commonly called Rocktard, who showed faced in a video did (cited http//www. outube. com/watch? v=AyXsZJwzIrQ ), are opportunities to expansion of the companys network in creating bonds with the internet community through bonding in use of comments or video responses or even simply joining the companys forces in using their talents thus creating opportunities not only for themselves tho the companys in developing differentiated content through new, personalize and innovated ideas that sometimes the television isnt capable in providing for the audiences expectations. Threats Threats of the company consists of other major competitors such as VEVO (which generates content from famous celebrities or musicians) and promotes them on Youtube through main pages or dominated the rights towards usage of the contents such as music or even portions of the film.As nearly, the media is newly still competing with t he conventional media such as television and even though they are plausibly even ahead of them in the entertainment sector but is trounce down (by people who did not know of the occurrences and begin cyber bullying the Youtubers content) callable to mere fame and acknowledgement of the society like LisaNovas imposture of Sarah Palin. It was mentioned on nytimes. om that She uploaded her Palin video more than a week beforeTina Feydid her impersonation on Saturday Night Live. And that her response towards which was that trying to get on TV would be going backwards in my mind. Its a waste of time. (Cited http//www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? agewanted=all) A Macro-Environmental Analysis o Law and Politics Law and politics with the Maker Studios is not part of any problem that the company could be facing now as the company started up in 2006, they personalize their services to the creators and aid them through their specific earnings a fter creation. As well up, they hire to produce their content (music, digital, filming and etc) in videos thereof not entitled to copyright righteousness bridging. o Economy On allthingsd. om it was verbalise that, transparency towards their earnings is through and able to be checked by their partners hence they would be good to the investments of the money in their company as well as being honest to their employees in the functions and well-being of the organization. (Cited http//allthingsd. com/20120309/exactly-how-much-did-that-skateboarding-dog-earn/) As this is an internet business, the company provide be affected if the economy fails in terms of people being able to enjoy their productions or not thus earning them money.However, with this current upmarket of the internet committee, the company is in safe hands through the approach era. o Technology Technology is crucial to the business. As it is one of the factors to which whether or not the audiences tune in because of the graphics, the quality of sound and the editing of the videos to the stunts in a film, the professionalism of sets, Makers standard of productions as mentioned by nytimes. om was that the green screen, film crew, actors and expensive cameras and lights, it went far beyond the typical one-man YouTube videos record in a basement with a webcam hence, once again, supporting(a) their constant follow-up with technology to suit the requirements of their mass of talents who are vehement to please their audience with great standards of film. (Cited http//www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? pagewanted=all ) o DemographicsAs the internet is more than common amongst people of almost all ages, Youtube contains a very much a wide amount of audience to capture and Maker managed to curb these differences with its gathered talents and their abilities to pursue different crowds. For example, they have The Moms View by mothers with different talents and background, c atering and supporting to the vast amounts of parents in the internet community they excessively have Polipop, featuring enjoyment and Politics Network which is intended to give people who are fire a good laugh at the political factors without having to move forward from their computers. Cited http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/10/29/maker-studios-youtube-original-channels/) o Social Issues and the Natural Environment The internet community is a fast-paced and ever-changing environment for the business to resist in as there are constant evolvement of trends, updates or even jokes appealing to the vast society is one of the constant issues that the business should be updated about. But as the talents in the company increases from the 200 initial partners in August 2011 (cited http//www. variety. com/article/VR1118040686? efCatId=1009), they get more and more efficient in finding out and dispersing their information as well as being an influence in creating trends for people to foll ow. An example could be the Super circular Challenge in 2008 (cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=v6kaSqGjbk8 ) where several Youtube personalities such as iJustine, Smosh, Rhett as well as ShayCarl and many other Youtubers hosted, encouraging their viewers to post video responses featuring the longest note that they could make (in terms of time) and hence creating a bond and an interest into watching updates of the challenge constantly.As for their efforts in reminding the audiences in saving the environment, Maker Studios also took part in the Ecomagination Challenge pass over Your Green hosted by GE and they produced videos of their forte in efforts of it. For example, DaveDays, as a musician, wrote a song in reminder of people to Turn dark The Lights (cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=xzBV2ZvQfQw ) and ShayCarl brought his children out for a hike while public lecture to them about recycling and also taught them about the environment (cited http//www. youtube. com/wa tch? =dAiCGkRoowo=fvst ) thus showing the viewers that they, too, show an example in doing good for the environment. The warring Environment Analysis of the company o Rival Firms Rival firms such as VEVO, Machinima. com, blip, Revision3 Internet Television could give threat to the company in terms of their partnership with Youtube and their stand and sponsor to events such as VidCon, DigiTour but the transparency of Makers finance gives it a high emulous avail to win over more talents and variety to channels instead of mere technology and games for which other companies wins at. New Entrants New entrants might find it difficult to sustain without funding in this sector of business as the expectations of viewers are constantly increasing and thus they might, in the end, need help from major firms such as Maker to help them produce films for their channels or get bought over in view of profits. o Customers Maker, as a company which helps one-man video producers find a team to buil d up his channel, does not call their nodes partners and instead, call them partners.So as they proceed on with their moving-image business, the channel owners have full indi undersidet over their videos and Maker only act as a service provider as well as an opportunity seeker for the Youtuber himself. The bargaining power for customers only lies in the percentage of the money which they receive from the advertisements that Maker could get in return and it was also mentioned in the terms and conditions of the Makers contract that this factor would be personalized as according to the client himself. o Substitutes and ComplimentsSubstitutes of Maker would be as valid as the fact that MySpace managed to take over Xanga and Facebook over MySpace. Therefore, it still contains a possibility where Youtube could be substituted by upcoming new video hosting websites online that might turn into a hit overnight like Facebook. On the other hand, like how a replenishing act could aid the sales of the original product, the compliments of Maker is unquestionably its networking in the Youtube community as they introduce each other on their videos and hence creating the acknowledgement of each other through their channels.Like for example how LisaNova introduced KassemG on her channel by impersonating his comedy and giving people a pre-show towards how Kassems humor will be like on his channels and tell people to watch his videos. (Cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=bKJ3bVR8Jxg) o Suppliers The suppliers to produce such films on a daily basis at such large quantities is the talents for which the company hires and other than the Disneys former Executive of the Digital Division, Chris Williams, it is also proven true that they have hired Courtney Holt, the former president of MySpace Music as their COO on hollywoodreporter. com. (Cited http//www. ollywoodreporter. com/news/courtney-holt-myspace-music-president-255341) This thus proved their high recognition and high expe ctations in their talents to hire hence providing professional content for the online viewers. In relation through application, to what extent planning, organizing, leading and controlling can be applied to the company In relation to application of the management of the company, the company would have to define fixed and strictly accomplishing goals to achieve in terms of the number of views, unique viewership count, the creation of new content as well as the amount of videos to be produced in a business year.However, it might be difficult to manage with the ongoing trends like crave Games, Justin Biebers new album or even some new celeb-gossip going around in the world of entertainment. Therefore, constant monitoring of bring forward is needed and more than frequent updating about movement of internet community is important for the growth of the company to expand on their current business in terms of coverage and audiences capturing.As well, it is important to have unionised tea ms or crews on a specific project or channel dedicated to the advancements which is their current system now. With her interview on tubefilter. com, Makers founder, Lisa Donovan mentioned that the model of Maker is comparable to the company United Artists back in 1919, number one led by Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and many other artists where it is the offset printing talent-led studio (cited http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/04/21/maker-studios/).For example, the fixed team whose professionalism is in that particular genre of film, would be sent to RayWilliamJohnsons Equals Three and Your Favourite Martian would have separately a music team, digital team as well as a team which, at the set, helps him with the humor content for which is going to be in his film. With such a unique form of business, the company requires a tall organization which has narrow span of control over the employees and manager rate as they would work in small teams in order to be efficient and effective i n discussion and production.It would also thus have to be decentralized, where the employees are able to freely dole out creative ideas only if like in Google, the unformalized manner of generating imaginative content. This would thus allow the company to be able to constantly be observant to minute matters which might affect the companys originality competitive advantage as compared to the rival firms. General Conclusions Maker is one of the very some companies around the globe, for which looks at talents in a manner that some companies would not be able to cherish.Even in one of their interviews, they mentioned to even have a criteria for joining in their firm When I am meeting talent, the first thing I want to know is, how committed are they to it? said Lisa Donovan to Daniel Miller of hollywoodreporter. com. (Cited http//www. hollywoodreporter. com/lists/maker-studios-280389) Therefore, their accomplishments not only as a firm, but as a big family with similar goals (not on ly because their own family is associated in the videos) just as ShayCarl have mentioned in one of his videos, is what they have built up and grown together over the years along with the Youtube creators fame.Recommendations for the company in the next 5 years As much as the company has accomplished throughout the years, not only expanding on their own success, they have also managed to raise funds with investments as well as convert television celebrities into internet sensations just like Bobby lee(prenominal) of MADtv having his own channel and being to do crazy things like he would in his previous shows as well as entertain people without having to worry about the technicalities. (Cited http//www. tubefilter. om/2012/01/30/bobby-lee-maker-studios-the-station/ ) Therefore, in hopes that the new SONY internet-television could allow people to be in touch with their desired genre of film, Maker should create even higher viewership through making internet-original movies with their professionalism and make the bonding with audiences into even better sensations through movies and interactive comments thus improving themselves thus far. beginning List Bladwin, D. , October 29th, 2012, Maker Studios Scores Three Channel Deal with Youtube Originals, http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/10/29/maker-studios-youtube-original-channels/ Bladwin, D. , January 30th, 2012, Maker Studios Reboots The Station With Bobby Lee, http//www. tubefilter. com/2012/01/30/bobby-lee-maker-studios-the-station/ DaveDays, October 31st, 2010, Dave Days Turn Off The Lights (Music Video), http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=xzBV2ZvQfQw Grey Croft Partners Investors Portfolio, April 15th, 2012, Maker Studios, http//www. greycroftpartners. com/2011/04/maker-studios/ Hustvedt, M. , April 21st, 2011, Maker Studios Raises $1. 5M For Creator-Founded YouTube Studio, http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/04/21/maker-studios/ Kafka, P. March 9th, 2012, Exactly How Much Did That Skateboarding Dog Earn? , htt p//allthingsd. com/20120309/exactly-how-much-did-that-skateboarding-dog-earn/ Lamp4137s Youtube Channel, June 30th, 2011, Rocktard On Some Weird Local News Thing, http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=AyXsZJwzIrQ (Original Shaytards) Excited Baby http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=JrKT4eYHwiM LisaNova, November 17th, 2010, Tripping Bros (LisaNova does KassemG UNCUT), http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=bKJ3bVR8Jxg Maker Studios (About Maker), April 15th, 2012, http//www. makerstudios. com/about/

How does Wilfred Owen Create Sympathy in his Poem “Disabled” Essay

Wilfred Owen uses a modification of poetic devices to make the reader feel sympathetic for the disabled person portrayed in the poem. Many of Owens ideas of apprehension atomic number 18 not balmy to find and the reader picks them up more subliminally unless he were to study the poem. Firstly, the close important point to convey sympathy is the theme of retrospect and strain in this piece and it runs clearly throughout. Owen starts the first stanza in the present strive and we immediately see that he is lonely and inactive. He sat in a wheeled chair, waiting shows us that he is unable to shine and can only drive, his life is controlled by doctors and his ability to make decisions is compromised by injury.Furthermore, the word waiting shows that all he can do is sit around and wait for things to happen, he cannot create or instigate something to revolutionize him. The poem then, in the fifth stanza he reminisces about what he ideal warfare superpower be like, jewelled hilt s and glory. However, at the end he says, Now he will spend a few sanctify years in institutes. We feel sorry for the man as we destine he has been cheated and lulled into a false sense of security. Owen in like manner uses contrast to bawl out sympathy in the way he rhymes at the end of the sentences. The rhyming words contradict or juxtapose one another. Knees and disease are used for contrast as having knees symbolise health and normal lifestyle and its what he had before the war.Disease on the other authorise symbolises a lack of knees or bad health and it is what he was left-hand(a) with after the war. The juxtaposition of good and bad things makes us feel melancholy for the man and also make us feel his regret of fall in up. Another vessel which Owen uses to make us feel sympathetic is fiction and simile. He says, Poured it down shell holes till the veins ran dry.This shows us how irascible he is with himself in the fact that he is saying he might just as well have poured his blood and his life away. He feels like he made no impact on the war and only bad has come out of it. Caesura is also used to look into up sentences and disrupt the flow of a poem. They can create sympathy as sometimes they can be ironic or rhetorical questions. He thought hed better join he wonders why is a good example as it shows his remorse for connective the army and the fact that it is out of sync and without a rhyming suspender makes it stand out in our memory as a unequivocal thought of his.The poem also ends with questions like why dont they come which tell the reader that since the war he is completely reliant on others and he despairs with his lack of freedom. Owen also uses women and war officers to make us feel sympathetic. Smiling, they wrote his lie tells us that the officer signing him up knew that he was not eighteen and was not doing his job properly. It shows that the officers cared more about the amount in the army than the actual wellbeing of Eng lish people. He also describes women as being shallow and their eyes passed from him to the men that were whole. This shows they do not care about a mans spirit and character, only his looks and sexual appeal. This makes us feel angry towards women for being so shallow and want them to not be so driven by seemingly unimportant things.

Advantages of Using Ict in Learning Process at Higher

Assignment 1 Academic Writing Skills BBB3301 NAMA ABDUL IYAD SHUKREE MATRIC NO UK250 COURSE COMPUTER intuition OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LECTURE NAME CIK WAN NURHAFEZA WAN SALAM affair ADVANTAGES OF USING ICT IN LEARNING PROCESS AT HIGHER direction INSTITUTIONS TOPIC 1 Higher teaching order institution is a consecrate where the pupil that past the high schooldays with the good result self-contained together. Local university or private college became a dream place for assimilator to continue their study.Higher didactics institute is totally several(predicate) to them compare to school life. At this stages , they will face a new place , mannequin of course subject and different way of teaching. If we focus on different way of teaching , Information Communication Technology (ICT) became a important role for a training process. ICT has been chosen because of several reasons that are enables to bring instruction and fellowship double-quick and further , supports in formation and knowledge communion on a large scale and save our mea trustworthy and comprise in a learning process.ICT will continued act as a catalyst in advancing education growth and pricker to education in higher institution. As stated in good Blended Learning for Development, article by Charles Meguire and Jiping Zhang , flat the barriers of distance and clock time , the ICT will overcome this resistance to gain a new information and knowledge and significantly improve their accessibility. For a result , information and knowledge can be sharing faster. Besides that , ICT becomes a gold bring out to achieve a main goal for a higher education institution as place that provide first class learning rocess. Without worry the barriers of distance , ICT can make a students able to fall and understanding a topic in a class even do not take part in a class. fit in to article by Elyssa Krosski , Advantages of online class , by a online class or video conference, student can acce ss and attend the online anywhere. Other than that, thither are no limits for student on online class so ICT garner a student even across a worldwide. Students today opt to use a email or social network to diversify information and sending a message.This situation should be used as a advantage for higher education institution to attract their student interest in learning process by using an ICT. As a conclusion , ICT adopt to be used by a higher education institution because of the ICT enables to gain information and knowledge faster and further , support information and knowledge sharing on a huge scale and save our cost and time in a learning process. In future , ICT will be standard method to use in learning process in each education institute and not only able in university and college.At the same time , ICT need to be improve from time to time to make sure the using of ICT in learning process keep reasonable. The government need to cooperate together with academic expert to make ICT become a reality and can give a advantage to all people. works Cited Meguire,C. , and Zhang,J. , Effective Blended Learning for Development http//www. jointokyo. org/files/cms/news/pdf/s2_benefits_v7. pdf Kroski. E. , Advantage of Online phase 10th January 2012, http//oedb. org/library/distance-vs-local/10-advantages-to-taking-online-classes

Is College Worth The Cost Essay

Is College Worth the Cost? many a(prenominal) people argue that college is not worth the cost. Some individuals say that college is likewise expensive and when they graduate they ar not able to find a line of products with their degrees. People also say that college is not worth the hail of money they cast off to pay back in loans after they graduate. Those atomic number 18 all points stated in Rodney K. Smiths essay Yes, A College Education is Worth the Costs, as he argues his point on wherefore deprivation to college and receiving a degree in an occupation of any sort. To others, a college command is worth the costs of the loans because pursuing a high education ordain greater your chances of getting a better job, the college experience exit teach you responsibility, also the rewarding opportunity you experience.Pursuing a higher education by attending college can greater your chances of getting a better job. When people go for a job interview, the interviewer is lookin g for soulfulness with a college education. Yes, the psyche being interviewed may still get the job if they do not have a college education, but the person with the virtually education nine times out of ten will be the one chosen for the job. When someone has a higher education listed on their resumes it also qualifies them for a higher salary. Take working at a fast food restaurant for example. There ar, crew members who earn stripped-down wage with no involvement higher than a high school education, and hence at that place are the store managers, general managers, district managers, etc. These are the people who have a college education and they earn anywhere from astir(predicate) ten dollars an hour and up. College has its perks even though the cost of it may disapprove people away, one has to be determined.Although college helps people solidify their future with a stable income, it will also teach individuals how to be responsible. One thing about college, if a person does not learn anything else he/she will learn how to be responsible and prioritize their time, if they wish to be successful. It is alright to want to go out and spend time with friends, but college is not like high school, were the teacher hands everything to the savant and holds the students hand. In college, students are expected to be responsible and to keep up with their work/ out-of-pocket dates of assignments. If one palpates as though they are not responsible comme il faut to be on their own and go off to college, then yes of shape college would not be worth the cost. They would be wasting money specially if they are receiving financial aid, that money could go to some other student whom is more dedicate to being responsible and getting their work done. Although, there is an alternative to someone who wants to go to college and get an education but does not want to pay the high costs that big colleges and universities charge, connection college. some people hav e their own opinion towards whether college may or may not be worth the costs. The chance of an individual getting a great job with a pay raise that is more than borderline wage definitely makes college worth it. Even if you do not want to go to a big college or university where it cost a bus of money to attend you have the option of going to a community college. The responsibilities college teaches individuals will pay off in the end when a person enters the real world. The opportunity and the experience that a person gets out of going off to college is more than rewarding. There are many different options that students have if they do plan to get a college education but feel as though college might be a bit expensive. plant CitedSmith, Rodney K. Yes, College is Worth the Cost. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Pratical Argument. New York Bedford/St. Martin, 2014. 29-31.

Japanese Music Essay

There argon 2 plays of euphony recognised to be the oldest forms of handed-d let japanese medicinal drug. They be shmy ( or ?), or Buddhistic chanting, and gagaku (?) or orchestral motor hotel medicament, both of which accompaniment to the Nara and Heian periods.citation needed Gagaku is a type of classical medicinal drug that has been per create at the Imperial court since the Heian periodcitation needed. Kagura-uta (), Azuma-asobi() and Yamato-uta () are indigenous repertories. Tgaku () and komagaku originated from the Chinese Tang dynasty via the Korean peninsulacitation needed. In addition, gagaku is divided into kangen () ( medical specialtyal instrumental melody) and bugaku () (dance accompany by gagaku). Originating as early as the thirteenth century are honkyoku ( original pieces). These are gibberle ( exclusively) shakuhachi () pieces contend by mendi senst Fuke camarilla priests of Zen buddhismcitation needed. These priests, c whollyed komus (emptiness monk ), played honkyoku for alms and enlightenment. The Fuke sect ceased to exist in the 19th century, except a verbal and written lineage of m whatever honkyoku continues to daylight, though this symphony is now frequently serious in a concert or performance setting.citation needed The samurai often listened to and performed in these melody activities, in their practices of enriching their give outs and understandingcitation needed. Traditional melodyedit bug editbetaBiwa hshi, Heike biwa, ms, and gozeedit fountain editbeta The biwa ( Chinese pipa), a form of short-necked lute, was played by a meeting of gypsy performers (biwa hshi) () who used it to accompany stories.citation needed The approximately nonable of these stories is The Tale of the Heike, a 12th-century history of the triumph of the Minamoto clan over the Tairacitation needed. Biwa hshi began organizing themselves into a guild- standardized association (td) for ocularly impaired men as early as the thirt eenth century. This guild eventually controlled a bouffant portion of the tuneful culture of lacquer.citation needed In addition, numerous smaller groups of itinerant blind euphonyians were formed e specificly in the Kyushu areacitation needed. These musicians, cognise as ms ( blind monk) toured their local areas and performed a configuration of spiritual and semi-religious texts to puke households and bring about good health and good luck. They as soundly as maintained a repertory of blue genres. The biwa that they played was considerably smaller than the Heike biwa () played by the biwa hshi.citation needed Lafcadio Hearn re tardilyd in his book Kwaidan Stories and Studies of Strange Things Mimi-nashi Hoichi (Hoichi the Earless), a lacquerese ghost story about a blind biwa hshi who performs The Tale of the Heike Blind women, cognize as goze (), also toured the land since the chivalrous era, singing songs and playing accompanying music on a wash up drum.citation need ed From the seventeenth century they often played the koto or the shamisen. Goze organizations sprung up throughout the land, and existed until recently in what is today Niigata prefecture.citation needed Taikoedit rootage editbetaTaiko performogThe taiko is a Nipp unmatchablese drum that comes in assorted sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres.citation needed It has become particularly habitual in recent age as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is based on a variety of family line and festival music of the past. Such taiko music is played by tumid drum ensembles called kumi-daiko. Its origins are uncertain, but dejection be stretched out as far back as the seventh centuries, when a clay figure of a drummer indicates its existence. China influences followed, but the instrument and its music remained uniquely japanese.5 Taiko drums during this period were used during battle to intimidate the oppositeness and to communicate comma nds. Taiko continue to be used in the religious music of Buddhism and Shint. In the past players were holy men, who played but at special occasions and in small groups, but in time secular men (rarely women) also played the taiko in semi-religious festivals much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(preno minute of arcal) as the bon dance. modern font-day ensemble taiko is give tongue to to gravel been invented by Daihachi Oguchi in 1951citation needed. A malarkey drummer, Oguchi incorporated his musical background into large ensembles, which he had also designed. His bustling dash made his group familiar throughout lacquer, and made the Hokuriku role a center for taiko music. Musicians to a overturn from this wave of popularity manifold Sukeroku Daiko and his gangmate Seido Kobayashi. 1969 saw a group called Za Ondekoza founded by Tagayasu Den Za Ondekoza gathered together young performers who innovated a reinvigorated grow revival version of taiko, which was used as a way of life in communal lifestyles. During the seventies, the Nipponese government allocated gold to preserve Nipponese culture, and many community taiko groups were formed. Later in the century, taiko groups fan out across the world, curiously to the United States. The picture show game Taiko Drum get the better of is based around taiko. One ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele of a modern Taiko fortune is Gocoo. Miny phratry musicedit source editbetaA Nipponese kinfolkswoman with hershamisen, 1904 of import article Minyjapanese folk songs (moy) tummy be grouped and classified in many ways but it is often convenient to think of four main categories work songs, religious songs ( much(prenominal) as sato kagura, a form of Shintoist music), songs used for gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and festivals (matsuri, curiously Obon), and childrens songs (warabe uta). In miny, vocalisers are typically accompanied by the three-stringed lute cognise as the shamisen, taiko d rums, and a bamboo flute called shakuhachi. Other instruments that could accompany are a transverse flute know as the shinobue, a bell know as kane, a pass along drum called the tsuzumi, and/or a 13-stringed zither know as the koto. In Okinawa, the main instrument is the sanshin. These are traditional Nipponese instruments, but modern instrumentation, such as electric guitars and synthesisers, is also used in this day and age, when enka singers cover traditional miny songs (Enka creation a Japanese music genre all its own).6 (For a detailed English-language study of all aspects of miny, see the 395-page book by David Hughes.)6 Terms often hear when speaking about miny are ondo, bushi, bon uta, and komori uta. An ondo generally describes any folk song with a distinctive swing that may be comprehend as 2/4 time rhythm (though performers normally do not group beats). The typical folk song heard at Obon festival dances ordain near wishly be an ondo. A fushi is a song with a disti nctive melody. Its really prepare, which is pronounced bushi incompounds, means melody or rhythm. The word is rarely used on its own, but is unremarkably prefixed by a term referring to occupation, location, personal name or the like. Bon uta, as the name describes, are songs for Obon, the lantern festival of the dead. Komori uta are childrens lullabies. The names of minyo songs often acknowledge descriptive term, usually at the end. For deterrent example capital of Japan Ondo, Kushimoto Bushi, Hokkai Bon Uta, and Itsuki no Komoriuta. galore(postnominal) of these songs hold tautologic stress on certain syllables as hearty as toss shouts (kakegoe). Kakegoe are generally shouts of cheer but inminy, they are often included as parts of choruses. There are many kakegoe, though they vary from region to region. In Okinawa Miny, for example, peerless will hear the common ha iya sasa In mainland Japan, however, one will be much than likely to hear a yoisho, sate, or a sore Other s are a donto koi, and dokoisho Recently a guild-based scheme known as the iemoto system has been applied to some forms of miny it is called. This system was originally substantial for transmitting classical genres such as nagauta, shakuhachi, or koto music, but since it proved profitable to teachers and was supported by students who wished to obtain certificates of improvement and artificers names continues to spread to genres such as miny, Tsugaru-jamisen and other forms of music that were traditionally transmitted more informally. now some miny are passed on in such pseudo-family organizations and long apprenticeships are common. See also Ainu music of north Japan.Okinawan folk musicedit source editbetaMain article Ryukyuan musicUmui, religious songs, shima uta, dance songs, and, especially kachsh, lively celebratory music, were all popular. Okinawan folk music varies from mainland Japanese folk music in several ways. First, Okinawan folk music is often accompanied by the s anshin whereas in mainland Japan, the shamisen accompanies instead. Other Okinawan instruments include the sanba (which plead a clicking sound similar to that of castanets), taiko and a sharp finger whistling called yubi-bue (?). Second, tonality. A pentatonic scale leaf, which coincides with the major pentatonic scale of western sandwich musical disciplines, is often heard in miny from the main islands of Japan, see miny scale. In thispentatonic scale the subdominant and direct tone (scale degrees 4 and 7 of the westward major scale) are omitted, resulting in a musical scale with no half(a)-steps amongst each note. (Do, Re, Mi, So, La in solfeggio, or scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) Okinawan miny, however, is characterized by scales that include the half-steps omitted in the aforementioned pentatonic scale, when analyze in the westerly discipline of music. In fact, the most common scale used in Okinawan miny includes scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Traditional instrument sedit source editbetaMain article Traditional Japanese musical instruments* Biwa ()* Fue ()* Hichiriki ()* Hocchiku ()* Hyshigi ()* Kane ()* Kakko ()* Koky ()* Koto ()* Niko ()* Okawa (AKA tsuzumi) ()* Ryteki ()* Sanshin ()* Shakuhachi (bamboo flute) ()* Shamisen ()* Shime-Daiko ()* Shinobue ()* Sh ()* Suikinkutsu (water zither) ()* Taiko (i.e. Wadaiko)* Tsuzumi () (AKA Kotsuzumi)-comer of westerlyern musicedit source editbetaTraditional pop musicedit source editbetaMain articles Rykka, Kaykyoku, and EnkaAfter the Meiji Restoration introduced Western musical instruction, a bureaucrat named Izawa Shuji compiled songs like Auld Lang Syne and commissioned songs using a pentatonicmelody.citation needed Western music, especially phalanx marches, soon became popular in Japan.citation needed Two major forms of music that developed during this period were shoka, which was composed to bring western music to schools, and gunka, which are soldiery marches with some Japanese elements..cit ation needed As Japan moved towards translator democracy in the late(a) 19th century, leaders hired singers to conduct copies of songs that aired their messages, since the leaders themselves were usually prohibited from speaking in public. The avenue performers were called enka-shi.citation needed Also at the end of the 19th century, an Osakan form of streetcorner singing became popular this was called rkyoku. This included the start-off two Japanese stars, Yoshida Naramaru and Tochuken Kumoemon..citation neededIchiro Fujiyama, influentialrykka singerWesternized pop music is called kaykyoku, which is said to retain and kickoff appeared in a dramatization of Resurrection by Tolstoy. The song Kachsha no Uta, composed by Shinpei Nakayama, was sung by Sumako Matsui in 1914. The song became a hit among enka-shi, and was one of the first major best- sell records in Japan.citation needed . Rykka, which adopted Western classical music, made waves across the landed estate in the prewa r period..citation needed Ichiro Fujiyamabecame popular in the prewar period, but war songs later became popular when the world War II occurred..citation needed Kaykyoku became a major industry, especially after the arriver of superstar Misora Hibari.citation needed In the 1950s, tango and other kinds of Latin music, especially Cuban music, became in truth popular in Japan.citation needed A distinctively Japanese form of tango called dodompa also developed. Kaykyoku became associated entirely with traditional Japanese organises, while more Western-style music was called Japanese pop ( or simply JPop).citation needed Enka music, adopting Japanese traditional structures, became quite popular in the postwar period, though its popularity has waned since the 1970s and enjoys brusque favour with contemporary youth.citation needed Famous enka singers include Hibari Misora, Saburo Kitajima, Ikuzo Yoshi and Kiyoshi Hikawa. Artmusicedit source editbetaWestern classical musicedit source editbetaWestern classical music has a robust presence in Japan and the country is one of the most grave markets for this music tradition.citation needed, with Toru Takemitsu (famous as well for his avant-garde works and movie scoring) being the best known.citation needed Also famous is the conductor Seiji Ozawa. Since 1999 the pianist Fujiko Hemming, who plays Liszt and C skitterin, has been famous and her CDs have sold millions of copies.citation needed Japan is also home to the worlds leading wind lot.citation needed, the capital of Japan Kosei Wind Orchestra, and the largest music competition of any kind, the All-Japan chevron Association national contest.citation needed Western classical music does not fight Japans original culture. The Japanese were first exposed to it in the second half of the 19th century, after more than 200 age of national isolation during the Edo Period.citation needed But after that, Japanese analyze classical music earnestly to make it a part of th eir own artistic culture. Orchestras* Gunma Symphony Orchestra* Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra* Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra* Japan Philharmonic Orchestra* Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra* Kyoto Symphony Orchestra* Kyushu Symphony Orchestra* Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra* New Japan Philharmonic* NHK Symphony Orchestra* Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa* Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra* Sapporo Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo metropolitan Symphony Orchestra* Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra* Tokyo Symphony Orchestra* Yamagata Symphony Orchestra* Yomiuri Nippon Symphony OrchestraComposers* Rentar Taki (18791903)* Kosaku Yamada (18861965)* Kiyoshi Nobutoki1887-1965* Yasuji Kiyose (19001981)* Masao Ohki (19011971)* Sabur Moroi (19031977)* Kunihiko Hashimoto (19041949)* Tomojir Ikenouchi (19061991)* Yoritsune Matsudaira (19072001)* Hisato Ohzawa (19071953)* Shir Fukai (19071959)* Hisatada Otaka (19111951)* Akira Ifukube (19142006)* Fumio Hayasaka (19141955)* Minao Shibata (1916-1996)* Yoshir Irino (1921-1980)* Sadao Bekku (19222012)* Ikuma Dan (19242001)* Yasushi Akutagawa (19251989)* Roh Ogura (19261990)* Joji Yuasa (born 1929)* Toshiro Mayuzumi (19291997)* Akio Yashiro (19291976)* Teizo Matsumura (19292007)* Toru Takemitsu (19301996)* Makoto Moroi (born 1930)* Hikaru Hayashi (19312012)* Yuzo Toyama (born 1931)* Akira Miyoshi (born 1933)* Toshi Ichiyanagi (born 1933)* Maki Ishii (19362003)* Shigeaki Saegusa (born 1942)* Shin-ichiro Ikebe (born 1943)* Takashi Yoshimatsu (born 1953)* Akira Nishimura (born 1953)* Toshio Hosokawa (born 1955)Jazzedit source editbetaMain article Japanese get laidFrom the 1930s on (except during World War II, when it was repressed as music of the enemy)citation needed jazz has had a strong presence in Japan.citation needed The country is an important market for the music, and it is common that written texts unavailable in the United States or Europe are available there. A matter of Japanese jazz musicians have achieved popularity abroad as well as at home.citation needed Musicians such as June (born in Japan) and Dan (third generation American born, of Hiroshima fame), and Sadao Watanabe have a large fan base outside their native country. Lately, club jazz or nu-jazz has become popular with a growing number of young Japanese.citation needed domestic DJs such as Ryota Nozaki (Jazztronik), the two brothers Okino Shuya andOkino Yoshihiro of Kyoto Jazz Massive, Toshio Matsuura (former member of the United incoming Organization) and DJ Shundai Matsuo creator of the popular monthly DJ event, Creole inBeppu, Japan as well as nu-jazz artists, Sleepwalker, GrooveLine, and Soil & Pimp Sessions have brought great change to the traditional notions of jazz in Japan. Some of the newer bands include Ego-Wrappin and Sake waver along with more experimental musicians such as Otomo Yoshihide and Keiji Haino. -Popular musicedit source editbetaJ-Popedit source editbetaMain article J-popJ-pop, an abbre viation for Japanese pop, is a mostly assignd musical genre that entered the musical mainstream of Japan in the 1990s. advance(a) J-pop has its roots in 1960s pop and shake off music, such as The Beatles, which led to bands such as elated End fusing swing with Japanese music.7 J-pop was further defined by Japanese New Wave bands such as Yellow magic Orchestra and gray All Stars in the late 1970s.8 Eventually, J-popre consecrated kaykyoku ( row Singing Music, a term for Japanese pop music from the 1920s to the 1980s) in the Japanese music photo.9The term was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese music from foreign music. Dance and disco musicedit source editbeta boost information Eurobeat and Para ParaMomoiro trefoil Z is known for its innovative dance performances.10 In 1984, American musician Michael Jacksons phonograph album Thriller became the first album by a Western artist to sell over one million copies in Japanese Oricon charts history.11 His style i s cited as one of the models for Japanese dance music, leading the popularity of Avex Group andJohnny & Associates.12 In 1990, Avex Trax began to release the Super Eurobeat series in Japan. Eurobeat in Japan led the popularity of group dance form Para Para. While Avexs artists such as E very(prenominal) dwarfish(a) Thing and Ayumi Hamasaki became popular in 1990s, new names in the late 90s included Hikaru Utadaand Morning Musume. Hikaru Utadas introduce album, First Love, went on to be the highest-selling album in Japan with over 7 million copies sold, whereas Ayumi Hamasaki became Japans shed light on selling female and solo artist, and Morning Musume remains one of the most known girl groups in the Japanese pop music industry. Momoiro Clover Z is known for its energetic dance performances. They are heavily choreographed and feature gymnastic stunts.13 The energetic performances also incorporate elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies.14 Although the girls voices are not very stable when coupled with an intense dance, they never lipsynch.15 A 2013 survey shows that Momoiro Clover Z attracts the highest level of interest of all the femaleidol groups in Japan.16 trembleedit source editbetaIn the 1960s, Japanese jounce music bands imitated Western gemstone musicians such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and the Rolling Stones, along with other Appalachian folk music, psychedelic rock,mod and similar genres this was called Group Sounds (G.S.). John Lennon of The Beatles later became one of most popular Western musicians in Japan.17 Group Sounds is a genre of Japanese rock music that was popular in the mid to late 1960s.citation needed After the bellowing of Group Sounds, there were several influentialsinger-songwriters. Nobuyasu Okabayashi was the first who became widely recognized.citation needed Wataru Takada, exalt by Woody Guthrie, also became popular.citation needed. They both were influenced by American folk music but wrote Japanese lyric s. Takada used modern Japanese verse as lyrics, while Kazuki Tomokawa made an album using Chuya Nakaharas poems. Tomobe Masato, invigorate by Bob Dylan, wrote critically acclaimed lyrics.citation needed The Tigers was the most popular Group Sounds band in the era. Later, some of the members of The Tigers, The Tempters and The Spiders formed the first Japanese supergroup Pyg. Homegrown Japanese folk rock had developed by the late 1960s.citation needed Artists like Happy End are considered to have virtually developed the genre. During the 1970s, it grew more popular.citation needed The Okinawan band Champloose, along with Carol (led by Eikichi Yazawa), RC Succession and Shinji Harada were especially famous and helped define the genres sound. Sometimes also beginning in the late sixties, but mostly active in the seventies, are musicians mixing rock music with American-style folk and pop elements, usually gaugeled folk by the Japanese because of their regular use of the acoustic guit ar. This includes bands like Off Course, Tulip, Alice (led by Shinji Tanimura), Kaguyahime, Banban, and Garo. Solo artists of the same movement include Yosui Inoue, Yuming, and Iruka. Later groups, like Kai bind (led by Yoshihiro Kai) and early Southern All Stars, are often link up to the same movement.Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008Several Japanese musicians began experimenting with electronic rock in the early 1970s. The most notable was the internationally noted Isao Tomita, whose 1972 album Electric Samurai Switched on Rock featured electronic synthesizer renditions of contemporary rock and pop songs.18 Other early examples of electronic rock records include Inoue Yousuis folk rock and pop rock album Ice World (1973) and Osamu Kitajimas progressive psychedelic rockalbum Benzaiten (1974), both of which intricate contributions from Haruomi Hosono,1920 who later started the electronic music group Yellow Magic ring (later known as Yellow Magic Orchestra) in 1977.21 Most influent ially, the 1970s spawned the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra, led by Haruomi Hosono. In the1980s, Bowy inspired alternative rock bands like Shonen Knife, Boredoms, The Pillows and Tama & Little Creatures as well as more mainstream bands as Glay. In 1980, Huruoma and Ry Cooder, an American musician, collaborated on a rock album with Shoukichi Kina, driving force stooge the aforementioned Okinawan band Champloose. They were followed by Sandii & the Sunsetz, who further mixed Japanese and Okinawan influences. Also during the 80s, Japanese coat and rock bands gave birth to the movement known as visual kei, represented during its history by bands like X Japan, Buck-Tick, Luna Sea,Malice Mizer and many others, some of which experienced national, and international mastery in the in style(p) years. In the 1990s, Japanese rock musicians such as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, Southern All Stars, LArc-en-Ciel, Tube, Spitz, Wands, T-Bolan, Judy and Mary, Asian KungFu Generation, Field of View, Deen, Ulfuls, Lindberg, Sharam Q, The Yellow Monkey, The Brilliant park and Dragon Ash achieved great commercial message supremacy.citation needed Bz is the 1 best selling act in Japanese music since Oricon started to count.citation needed, followed by Mr. Children.citation needed In the 90s, pop songs were often used in films, anime, television advertising and dramatic programming, becoming some of the best-selling(predicate) forms of music in Japan.citation needed The rise of disposable pop has been linked with the popularity of karaoke, leading to criticism that it is consumerist Kazufumi Miyazawa of The Boom said I hate that buy, listen, and throw away and sing at a karaoke bar mentality. Of the visual kei bands Luna Sea, whose members toned down their on-stage attire with on-going success, was either very palmy, while Malice Mizer, Lacryma Christi, Shazna, Janne Da Arc, and Fanatic Crisis also achieved commercial success in the late 90s.citation neededGreen Stage of the Fuji Rock FestivalThe first Fuji Rock Festival candid in 1997. Rising Sun Rock Festival opened in 1999. spend Sonic Festival and Rock in Japan Festival opened in 2000. Though the rock mount in the 2000s is not as strong, newer bands such as Bump of Chicken, Sambomaster, Flow, Orange Range, Remioromen,Uverworld, Radwimps and Aqua Timez, which are considered rock bands, have achieved success. Orange Range also adoptsclarification needed hip hop. Established bands as Bz, Mr. Children, Glay, andLArc-en-Ciel also continue to top charts, though Bz and Mr. Children are the only bands to maintain a high standards of their gross sales along the years. Japanese rock has a vibrant underground rock scene,citation needed best known internationally for noise rock bands such as Boredoms and Melt Banana, as well as stoner rock bands such as Boris and alternative acts such as Shonen Knife (who were championed in the West by Kurt Cobain),Pizzicato Five and The Pillows (who gained in ternational attention in 1999 for the FLCL soundtrack). More accomplished independent rock artists such asEastern Youth, The Band Apart and Number lady friend have found some success in Japancitation needed, but little recognition outside of their home country. Other notable international touring indie rock acts are Mono and Nisennenmondai. Punk rock / alternativeedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese hardcoreEarly examples of flashy rock in Japan include SS, The Star Club, The Stalin, Inu, Gaseneta, Bomb Factory, Lizard (who were elicitd by the Stranglers) and clash (whose guitar player Reck had previously played with Teenage Jesus and the Jerks before move to Tokyo) and The sacrilegious Hearts. The early punk scene was immortalized on film by Sogo Ishii, who directed the 1982 film Burst City featuring a cast of punk bands/musicians and also filmed videos for The Stalin. In the 80s, hardcore bands such as GISM, Gauze, Confuse, lip Cream and Systematic Death began appearing, some incorporating crossover elements.citation needed The independent scene also included a diverse number of alternative/post-punk/new wave artists such as Aburadako, P-Model,Uchoten, Auto-Mod, Buck-Tick, Guernica and Yapoos (both of which featured Jun Togawa), G-Schmitt, Totsuzen Danball and Jagatara, along with noise/industrial bands such as Hijokaidan andHanatarashi. Ska-punk bands of the late nineties extending in the years 2000 include Shakalabbits and 175R (pronounced inago rider). Heavy coatedit source editbetaJapan is known for being a successful area for metallic element bands touring around the world and many live albums are recorded in Japan. Notable examples are Judas Priests Unleashed in the East, Iron Maidens Maiden Japan, Deep empurples Made in Japan and Dream Theaters Live at Budokan. From the international bands, such as Angra, Sonata Arctica and Skylark especially with their singerKiara Laetitia have had major success in Japan.citation needed Japanes e heavy metal bands started emerging in the late 1970s, pioneered by bands like Bow Wow, formed in 1975 by guitarist Kyoji Yamamoto, and flashiness, formed in 1981 by guitarist Akira Takasaki. Although there existed other contemporary bands, like Earthshaker, Anthem and 44 Magnum, their debut albums were released only around the mid mid-eighties when metal bands started getting a major exposure. First oversease live performances were by Bow Wow in 1978 in Hong Kong and at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, as well played at the Reading Festival inEngland in 1982.22 In 1983, Loudness toured United States and Europe, and started focusing more on an international career. In 1985, the first Japanese metal act was signed to a major note in the United States. Their albums Thunder in the East and Lightning Strikes, released in 1985 and 1986, make at number 74 (while number 4 in country of origin Oricon chart), and number 64 in theBillboard 200 charts respectively.2324 Till the end of the eightes only two other bands, Ezo and Dead End, got their albums released in the United States. In the eighties few bands had a female members, like all-female band Show-Ya fronted by Keiko Terada, and Terra genus Rosa with Kazue Akao on vocals. In phratry 1989, Show-Yas album Outerlimits was released, it reached number 3 in the Oricon album chart.25 Heavy metal bands reached their peak in the late 80s and many disbanded until the mid-1990s.Concert of pioneer of visual kei, X Japan atHong Kong in 2009 after their 2007 reunion. In 1982, some of the first Japanese glam metal bands were formed, like Seikima-II with Kabuki-inspired makeup, and X Japan who pioneered the Japanese movement known as visual kei, and became the best-selling metal band.26 In 1985, Seikima-IIs album Seikima-II Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy metallic element was released and although reached number 48 on the Oricon album chart exceeded 100,000 in sales, first time for any Japanese metal band. Their albums charted regularly in the top ten until mid 90s. In April 1989, X Japans second album Blue Blood was released and went to number 6, and after 108 weeks on charts sold 712,000 copies.27 Their third and best-selling album Jelaousy was released in July 1991 it topped the chartsand sold 1.11 million copies.27 There were released more two number one studio albums, Art of Life and Dahlia, a singles compilation X Singles, all selling more than half a million,28 and since the formation had thirteenth top five singles, disbanding in 1997.29 utmost(prenominal) metaledit source editbetaJapanese extreme metal bands formed in the instigate of American and European wave, but didnt get any bigger exposure until the 90s, and like overseas the genre is usually treated as an underground form of music in Japan.citation needed First thrash metal bands formed in the early 80s, like United, whose music also incorporates conclusion metal elements, and Outrage. Uniteds first international performance t ook place in Los Angeles at the metal festival Foundations Forum in September 1995 and had few albums released in North America. Formed in the mid 80s, indicate played a gig in the United States in October 1988 at CBGB, and was active until 2000 when disbanded. The first bands to play black metal music were Sabbat, who is thus far active, and Bellzlleb, who was active until early 90s. another(prenominal) notable act is Sigh. Doom metal has also gained an audience in Japan. The two best-known Japanese end of the world metal acts are Church of Misery and Boris, both of whom have gained hefty popularity outside the country. Hip-Hopedit source editbetaMain article Japanese hip-hop knock is a newer form of music on the Japanese music scene. Many felt it was a trend that would immediately pass. However, the genre has lasted for many years and is still thriving. In fact, rappers in Japan did not achieve the success of hip-hop artists in other countries until the late 1980s. This was m ainly due to the music worlds belief that Japanese sentences were not capable of forming the rhyming effect that was contained in American rappers songs.30 There is a certain, well-defined structure to the music industry called The Pyramid Structure of a Music ikon. As Ian Condry notes, viewing a music scene in legal injury of a pyramid provides a more nuanced understanding of how to interpret the signification of different levels and kinds of success.31 The levels are as follows (from lowest to highest) fans and potential artists, performing artists, recording artists(indies), major label artists, and mega-hit stars. These different levels can be clearly seen at a genba, or iniquityclub. Different families of rappers perform on stage. A family is fundamentally a collection of rap groups that are usually headed by one of the more famous Tokyo acts, which also include a number of proteges.32 They are important because they are the key to understanding stylistic differences betwee n groups.33 Hip-hop fans in the audience are the ones in control of the night club. They are the judges who determine the winners in rap battles on stage. An example of this can be seen with the battle between rap artists Dabo (a major label artist) andKan (an indie artist). Kan challenged Dabo to a battle on stage while Dabo was mid-performance. other important part of night clubs was displayed at this time. It showed the openness of the scene and the liquid of boundaries in clubs.34 Electropop and club musicedit source editbetaSee also Electronic music, Synthpop, and Electro musicElectronic pop music in Japan became a successful commodity with the Technopop craze of the late 70s and 80s.citation needed, beginning with Yellow Magic Orchestra and solo albums ofRyuichi Sakamoto and Haruomi Hosono in 1978 before hitting popularity in 1979 and 1980. Influenced by disco, impressionistic and twentieth century classical composition, jazz/fusion pop, new wave and technopop artists such as Kraftwerk and Telex, these artists were commercial yet uncompromising.citation needed Ryuichi Sakamoto claims that to me, making pop music is not a compromise because I enjoy doing it. The artists that fall under the superior of technopop in Japan are as loose as those that do so in the West, thus new wave bands such as P-Model and The Plastics fall under the category alongside the symphonic techno arrangements of Yellow Magic Orchestra. The popularity of this music meant that many popular artists of the 70s that previously were known for acoustic music turned to techno production, such as Taeko Onuki and Akiko Yano, and idol producers began employing electronic arrangements for new singers in the 80s.citation needed Today, newer artists such as Polysics pay explicit homage to this era of Japanese popular (and in some cases underground or difficult to obtain) music.citation needed And the all trio girls band Perfume,who debuted with Tokuma Japan in 2005,are also atechno-pop band , pickings on electronic, dance and pop music taking on Auto-Tune, vocoders, and electrohouse upon their subscribe to a major label. They are currently considered as one of the most popular bands in Japan. Roots musicedit source editbetaIn the late 1980s, roots bands like Shang Shang Typhoon and The Boom became popular. Okinawan roots bands like Nenes and Kina were also commercially and critically successful. This led to the second wave of Okinawan music, led by the sudden success of Rinkenband. A new wave of bands followed, including the comebacks of Champluse and Kina, as led by Kikusuimaru Kawachiya very similar to kawachi ondo is Tadamaru Sakuragawas goshu ondo. Latin, reggae and ska musicedit source editbetaFurther information Japanese reggae and Japanese skaOther forms of music from Indonesia, Jamaica and elsewhere were assimilated. African soukous and Latin music, like Orquesta de la Luz (), was popular as was Jamaicanreggae and ska, exemplified by Mice Teeth, Mute Beat, L a-ppisch, Home Grown and Ska Flames, Determinations, and Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra. Noise musicedit source editbetaMain article JapanoiseAnother recognized music form from Japan is noise music. The noise from this country is called Japanoise. Its most swelled representative is Masami Akita with his project Merzbow. Theme musicedit source editbetaTheme music composed for films, anime, Tokusatsu, and Japanese television dramas are considered a separate music genre. Several prominent musical artists and groups have spent most of their musical careers performing theme songs and composing soundtracks for visual media. Such artists include Masato Shimon (current pallbearer of the world record for most successful single in Japan for Oyoge Taiyaki-kun),35 Ichirou Mizuki, all of the members of JAM Project, Akira Kushida, Isao Sasaki, and Mitsuko Horie. Notable composers of Japanese theme music include Joe Hisaishi, Michiru Oshima, Yoko Kanno, Toshihiko Sahashi, Yuki Kajiura, Ktar Naka gawa and Yuuki Hayashi. Game musiceditsource editbetaSee also delineation game music, Chiptune, and BitpopWhen the first electronic games were sold, they only had rudimentary sound chips with which to produce music. As the technology advanced, the quality of sound and music these game machines could produce increased dramatically. The first game to take credit for its music was Xevious, also noteworthy for its deeply (at that time) constructed stories. Though many games have had beautiful music to accompany their gameplay, one of the most important games in the history of the video game music is Dragon Quest. Koichi Sugiyama, a composer who was known for his music for various anime and TV shows, including Cyborg 009 and a feature film of Godzilla vs. Biollante, got involved in the project out of the pure curiosity and proved that games can have serious soundtracks. Until his involvement, music and sounds were often neglected in the schooling of video games and programmers with lit tle musical knowledge were forced to write the soundtracks as well. Undaunted by technological limits, Sugiyama worked with only 8 part polyphony to create a soundtrack that would not tire the player despite hours and hours of gameplay. Another well-known author of video game music is Nobuo Uematsu. Even Uematsus earlier compositions for the game series, Final Fantasy, on Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System in America) are being arranged for full orchestral score. In 2003, he even took his rock-based tunes from their original MIDI format and created The Black Mages. Yasunori Mitsuda is a passing known composer of such games as Xenogears, Xenosaga Episode I, Chrono Cross, and Chrono Trigger. Koji Kondo, the main composer for Nintendo, is also prominent on the Japanese game music scene. He is best known for the Zelda and Mario themes. Motoi Sakuraba is also another well-known video game composer. He is known for composing the Tales Series, Dark Souls, Eternal Sonata, Star Ocean, Valkyrie Profile, Golden Sun, and theBaten Kaitos games, as well as numerous Mario Sports games. Yuzo Koshiro is also noted for his work with games, having composed electronic music-influenced soundtracks for games like Revenge of Shinobi and the Streets of Rage series. The techno/trance music production group Ive Sound has made a name for themselves first by making themes for eroge computer games, and then by breaking into the anime scene bycomposing themes for them. Unlike others, this group was able to find fans in other parts of the world through their eroge and anime themes. Today, game soundtracks are sold on CD. Famous singers like Hikaru Utada, Nana Mizuki and BoA sometimes sing songs for games as well, and this is also seen as a way for singers to make a names for themselves. -See alsoedit source editbeta* J-pop* Visual kei* All-Japan Band Association* Buddhist music* Chindonya* Enka* Group Sounds* Japanese hardcore* Japanese hip hop* Japanese ska* Japanoise* Oricon* Rykka * Shibuya-kei* Shint music* Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra* List of Japanese rock bands* List of Japanese hip hop musicians* List of J-pop artists* In scale* Voice acting in Japan

Rational Theory

This composing introduces keen System Perspectives in relations to intravenous feeding promin ent schools of organization theory which ar Taylors scientific cargon, Fayols general principles of direction, webers theory of bureaucracy and Simons discussion on administrative behavior. demythologised System Perspectives There atomic number 18 ii key instalments characterizing rational dodges 1) destruction particularity Specific goals support rational behavior in organizations by providing guideli nes on structural design, which leads to point what tasks are to be rune d and how resources are to be aloneocated. ) statelyization formalization is an set out to make behavior more inevi give in by standardizing and regulating. chunkization provides stable expectation, which is a precond ition to rationalness. Selected schools The author link rational placement perspectives to four schools of organizatio nal theories. Taylors Scientific worry (1911) Taylor scientif ically analyzed tasks performed by single(a) exerters and disco vered the best procedure that would draw the maximum output with the minimu m scuttle thot of resources.His attempts (to rationalize labor at train of the indiv idual worker )led to changes in the entire coordinate of work arrangement. Ther efore, turn iniciency improved. His four principles includes 1) build up a science for for each one element of an individuals work. 2) Scientifically discern and train workers. 3) Heartily cooperate with workers to check up on that each work is done as plan. 4) Divide work and responsibilities between steering and workers. Taylor also proposed the use of fillip system base on performance as a mot ivation tool.Arguments 1) Workers resisted time-study procedures that attempt to standardize every as pect of their performance. 2) Workers spurned incentive system requiring them to perform continuously at a circus tent take of efficiency. Fayols Administrative Theory (191 6) Fayol emphasized management functions by proposing broad administrative principles as guidelines to achieve rationalization of organizational activiti es. Fayols and other supporters believed in two main(prenominal) types of management activi ties. ) Coordination includes any elements related to collaborations of individuals such(prenominal) as scalar chain, unity of command, deny of control and exception princip le. 2) Specialization involves various(a) activities distributed among positions abou t how such positions sight virtually effectively be grouped into work units. For exam ple, departmentalization, line-staff principle. Arguments Herbert Simon was one of the main opponents of this theory. He commenced that so-called principles are truthful, but non realistic. Thus, they are inapplica ble (details will be discussed).webers Theory of Bureaucracy (1922) weber demonstrable a theory of self-confidence structures and describes organizational activity on the basis of dominance relations. By building the structure, task responsibilities and decision- fashioning governing would be clearly defined. He proposed that rational-legal control (the authority a person possesses be cause of his/her position in an organization, non because of wealth, social st atus or individuals admirable character) provides the measure out to develop the u niversal authority structure called bureaucracy.Webers ideal bureaucracy principles includes 1) Division of labor. Jobs are broken d deliver into simple, routine, and well-defi ned tasks. 2) Authority hierarchy. Positions are organized in a hierarchy, each lower one being controlled and administrate by a higher one. 3) perfunctory selection. Members are selected on the basis of proficient qualificat ions (training, education of formal examination). 4) Formal rules and regulations. Managers moldiness dep remainder on formal rules to ensur e uniformity. 5) Impersonality. There is no personal appreciation of emplo yees. ) Career orientation. Managers do not own the units they manage. They work fo r pay and pursue their careers. Arguments There are self-contradictions in Webers principles. 1) solicitude based on discipline individuals observe the rules and orders becau se they regard the rules and orders as methods to fulfill organizational goals . Therefore, obedience is a rigorous to an end. 2) Management based on bureaucracy individuals obey the rules because rules a re considered as commands, pose aside their judgements. Thus, obedience is an end itself.Simons Theory of Administrative Behavior (1958) Simon proposed a more realistic view related to rational system perspectives b y pointing out the boundaries (limits and constraints) on how rational theatre director s can be in making decisions. He introduced the term leap rationality. Rather than pursuing all alternatives to identify the best solution that would increase returns, managers will choose the solution that appears to tu rn the problem, even though they realized the chosen solution is not the best one, d ue to time/cost constraints and other limitations.Furthermore, Simon refined the process by which goal specificity and formali zation brook to rational behavior in organization. Goal specificity He introduced means-ends chains which establish a hierar chy of goals. According to organizational level, each level of activity is con sidered as an end relative to the levels below it and as a mean relative to th e level above it. Formalization Simon believed adjudge structure supports rational decision making in the sense that formalization simplifies a border of responsibilities among participants and provides participants with guidelines to handle them.Conceptual Framework (means) (ends) Formalization Goal Specificity Input Output sane System Conclusion 1. tenability in this paper can be viewed in two senses as follows 1. 1) Technical or utilitarian rationality which can be attained through with (predicate) a serie s of actions (means) which lead to predetermined goals (ends) with maximum eff iciency. In short, Technical or Functional rationality emphasizes instrumental means-ends efficiency. Taylors and Fayols theories are related to rationa lity in this sense. 1. ) Formal rationality which can be derived through imposing rules an regulations to organization. Weber defined bureaucracy as rational in this sen se. 2. take of Analysis 1. 1) tender psychological level. Taylor and Simon counselling on individual participants as they perform tasks or make decision. 1. 2) Structural level. Fayol and Weber attempt to analyze the characteristics of organizational structures. didactics for my further research According to the paper above, I would ilk to examine which ideas of the above theories are still applicable to underway information technology era.Furtherm ore, adding to my personal stake in strategic management, I would like to a nalyze how classical theories influence managers on strategic decision-making. Please see the summarized table in the next page. Table reiterate and compare four organization theories. Taylor Fayol Weber Simon Year introduced 1911 1916 1922 1958 Means l Scientifically analyzed tasks performed by individual workers. l Concer ned with management at the shop levels l Generated broad administration princi ples. l focused on activities of all managers l describe organizational activi ty on the basis of authority relations. Proposed rational-legal authority as a value to develop bureaucracy. l Proposed bounded rationality individuals have limits (boundaries) on how rational they can be. l Introduced means-ends chains. Ends Max. efficiency by utilize one best way. Max. efficiencyby using management expertise Max. efficiency by using bureaucratic structure Choose a fairly goo d solution, not optimal one. Assumptions Technical &038 Functional Rationality Technical &038 Functional Rational ity Formal Rationality Bounded ration alityLevel of Analysis Social Psychological Structural Structural SocialPsychologic al Arguments 1) Workers resistedTime-study procedures, attempting to standardize every aspect of performance. 2) Workers rejected incentive system, requiring th em to perform continuously at a peak of efficiency. 1) So-called principles ar e truthful, but not realistic. 2) Simon Due to limitations &038 constraints, the se principles are not thoroughly applicable. Self-contradictions 1) Based on d iscipline allegiance is a mean to an end. 2) Based on bureaucracy Obedience is an end itself.